Jews
Anti-Semitism
What was especially strong in America between 1910 and 1920, then again since 2010?
Natl or Ethnic parishes
What has no one founder and were popular ~1840-1936, 1936-1960s, then gradually lessened off, but have been somewhat revived in recent decades?
Humanae Vitae
-what was an encyclical issued in 1968 by Pope Paul VI?
Harry Emerson Fosdick
Who was a popular liberal Baptist preacher who was one of the most articulate and influential liberal preachers of his era and threw down the gauntlet in 1922, asking whether Fundamentalists could be allowed to take over churches?
Orthodox Judaism
-Who was generally from E. Europe, esp. RUS, POL, HUNG, + AUS?
-Worshipped and sang in Hebrew, w/ men and women sitting opposite from each other?
-followed as far as possible all of 613 OT laws?
-by the end of 1800s realized they needed to organize and so started calling themselves Orthodox Jews and founding schools?
Orestes Brownson
Who lived 1803-1876 (but was center stage in the 1850s) and said Catholics should adapt to American culture and that only by becoming Catholic could the US be great, debated this fiercely w/ Hughes, and eventually repudiated Americanism, probably because of Hughes' "strong objection"?
Dorothy Day
-Who wanted to intertwine Catholicism w/ culture and focus on social problems to make Catholicism more "relevant" and attractive to people who weren't interested in religion?
-lived 1897-1980?
-began in 1933 distributing a newspaper in NYC containing Catholic social teaching, insisting that the cures for society come from radical "Christian" ideas such as pacifism and "concern" for laborers?
-disliked capitalism?
-promoted "public Catholicism" and Catholicism that would be active in public life and go on to shape this fir the US, i.e. "becoming involved in society so you can fix it"?
Aggiornamento
What means "updating" in Italian and was called for by Pope John XXIII as part of a call for what became Vatican II?
H. Richard Niebuhr
-who lived 894-1962?
-was important in Neo-Orthodoxy?
Reform Judaism
-What started crystallizing in 1850s, developed 1820s-60s?
-had as its prototype Isaac Mayer Wise?
-hoped to reform Judaism and make it more compatible with modern life?
-generally among German Jews?
-started being challenged in 1880s and '90s?
John Hughes
-Who lived 1797-1864?
-provided leadership for immigrant Catholics coming through New York?
-opposed shift towards Americanism, stressing the importance of the papacy and heirarchy and strongly preferred the church structure to not become democratic?
-admired the US but wanted the church to stay distinctly Catholic and was focused on establishing an immigrant church?
-was center stage in the 1850s?
-was bishop and then archbishop of New York?
Vatican I
John Paul II
-Who shifted towards more monarchical model of the church?
-condemned all artificial birth control?
-pushed back on making the Church more @ individual cultures?
-was pope from 1978-2005?
Reinhold Niebuhr
-Who lived from 1892-1971?
-was best known for the Serenity Prayer, written ~1930s, which says, "God, give me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference"?
-Was important in Neo-Orthodoxy?
-endorsed govts' using force to restrain "those who will not voluntarily abide by the rule of rational justice"?
-drew from Karl Barth?
-re-introduced to the theological conversation the idea of original sin?
Solomon Schecter
-Who promoted the idea of a universal, world-wide Israel, as opposed to a single people in 1 place?
-lived 1847-1915?
-was president of Jewish Theological Seminary when it was excommunicated from Orthodox Judaism?
- "gave form to Conservatism as a positive force w/in American Judaism"?
-agreed that Jews should follow the Torah and Talmud but thought they didn't need to be "rigidly bound" by them?
-thought that revelation is divinely inspired but not necessarily literal?
-emphasized Jewish culture and peoplehood as well as religion?
Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae
What was written in 1899 by Pope Leo XIII, is an encyclical, which is more important or extensive than a papal bull, and condemns Americanism and insists not to teach it in trying to "stop Europe from trending this way"?
Vatican II
-What was held from 1962-65?
-allowed vernacular to be used in mass?
-encouraged people to participate in the liturgy and emphasized their place in the church as well as that of the bishops and pope?
-encouraged dialogue with Protestants and people of other religions?
-abandoned the immutability of Cath. doctrine, barring papal infallibility
-had priests turn their back from the altar and face the people during the Eucharist?
-endorsed religious liberty while saying that for them to be the official and only church was still ideal?
-argued that religion should transform culture, i.e. Catholicism should become major player in American politics ("public Catholicism")?
Neo-Orthodoxy
-What was characterized by emphasis on God's sovereignty rather than that of of humans', the Bible as the bearer of divine revelation, recognized humanity's predicament and saw sin as the result of human pride, recognized and revived emphasis on Christology, focused on ecclesiology, the nature of the church?
-didn't overturn liberalism but merely shifted the nature of the debate back to central Biblical doctrines?
-took hold of Europe in 1920s and the US in 1930s?, as well as b/c of WWII for both?
Conservative Judaism
-What grew intl'ly in 1920s and '30s, even more so after WWII?
-had formal status come w/ founding of United Synagogue of America in 1913?
-tried to be guided by the OT and Talmud w/out being "enslaved" to them?
-had prayerbk. in Heb. but sermons and other forms of communication in English?
-valued the non-religious aspects of the Jewish heritage as well?
-formed after its seminary excommunicated for being too liberal but it didn't want to join w/ Reform Judaism?
-founded by Isaac Leesor and Sabato Morris?
John Courtney Murray
-Who was main Catholic in 20th century trying to reconcile Catholic position on religious freedom w/ American ideal of freedom of religion?
-wanted to mend American society using Catholicism and to cooperate w/ Protestants and Jews?
-Sought to grow both the above ideas within the Catholic theological tradition?
-argued Catholics should update church doctrine, examining its tradition from the perspective of the present?
-was a Jesuit theologian?
-had chief legacy of initiating public conversation between Catholic theological tradition and American political and cultural experience?
-was instrumental in shooting down fears of having a Catholic president in 1960?
-lived 1904-1967?
Futlon J. Sheen
-Who was a Catholic bishop?
-lived from 1895-1979?
-was enormously popular preacher?
-kind of a rock star thx to his 1950s TV show?
-"sought to related Catholic thought to the larger American culture," relocated Cath. thought beyond Cath. subculture of the early 20th century into a postwar intl cultural context that transcends denominational lines?
-in particular, suggested how Cath. philosophy of moral law could provide the structure and purpose for a postwar America seeking to maintain peace and unity @ home?
-cared about domesticity?
Karl Barth
-Who lived 1886-1968?
-is considered the Father of Neo-Orthodoxy?
-argued that Christianity had become too modern?
-rejected liberal Protestant notions of human goodness and thus a cause for optimism (replaced by the ideas of a transcendent God, a sinful humanity, and Christ comes to save us from our sins) but still held to modern Biblical criticism?
-stressed didactic philosophy-1 idea generates its antithesis, leading to a reconciliation of ideas (e.g. humans are sinful, God is holy, God the Son enters that gap and bridges it)?
-had an emphasis on tension?