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Arminians
Who were founded by Dutch theologian Jacob Arminius in the 1500s?
Cane Ridge Revival
What event was in August 1801 that was the most prominent revival (of the 2nd Great Awakening?), with 10-20,000 participants and was led by James McGready, a Presbyterian minister who lived from 1763-1817 and began calling people out in revival meetings by name, urging them to repent, and had started his revivals in 1800?
John Wesley
Who lived 1703-91, started Methodism as a revival(?) w/in the Church of England and combined in his style?/group? order, discipline, and heartfelt religiosity?
Methodism
-What had founders who were called enthusiastic?
-had lay leaders?
-had 4 reasons why it grew (1. democratic ethos; viewed pastors as servants of people rather than their lords and willing to let untrained people preach, 2. disciplined morality; no dancing, swearing, card playing, tobacco chewing; often served as only restraining force on the frontier, 3. perfectionist teaching, 4. professional organizations, winding up to create combination of hierarchical and democratic ethoses)?
-had as one famous ex. Peter Cartwright, 1785-1873, founded 3 colleges, was circuit rider who was tough in voice and actions, traveled lots?
-was largest denomination from end of Civil War until end of 1800s?
William Miller
Who was a New York farmer who took up preaching in the 1830s, argued that Christ would return on a specific date in 1943, using numbers from Dan., Ezek., and Rev. ("millennial arithmetic"), believed didn't need theologians, after third failed predicted date, almost everyone left, most of the remnants eventually going to the 7th day Adventists?
Lorenzo Dow
Who lived 1777-1834, was perhaps the most eccentric preacher of the 2nd Great Awakening, preached all over the US as well as in IRE and ENG, was a Methodist, had his rough manners and appearance noticed, was a populist, and was emotional?
Harry Hosier
Who lived ~1750-1806, began traveling/preaching in 1780s, worked w/+for Asbury, who also trained him as a preacher, and preached regularly alongside prominent white Methodist leaders?
John Humphrey Noyes
Who lived 1811-1886, had his community located 1st in VT then in upstate NY, believed man needed to look in himself for the true religion instead of to the past or creating a new model, believed that Christ had returned spiritually, community best known for "complex marriage," himself decided who should mate with whom, focused more on generating spiritual rather than physical traits from these matches, had his community never grow >300, and had his community run out of steam by 1880 and shift attention to making silverware?
Horace Bushnell
Who lived 1802-76, was a mix of the orthodox Puritan tradition and romanticism, was a Congregational minister in Hartford, and disbelieved in the substitutionary atonement of Christ and the literalness of the Bible but supported the ideas of sin, the miracles (including the incarnation), Christ's divinity, and creation in 6 days?
2nd Great Awakening
-What lasted from 1790s-1860s, most especially. from end of 18th century through the 1830s, then from right b4 the Civil War to its end; was most intense in S near early 1800s, had trances more common to it than in 1st Great Awakening; was the catalyst for some social reform movements; and had the effect of institutionalizing Christianity in the S?
Richard Allen
Who and his church were foremost ex. of independent black churches, was born enslaved in PHI in 1760 but purchased his freedom as a young man, was a Methodist, and in 1794 opened Bethel Church for Negro Methodists in response to discrimination at St. George's Methodist in PHI, Bethel being the first independent black church and eventually evolving into the AME in 1816?
Disciples of Christ
-What movement held disdain for well-born, well-educated people?
-was the result of the merger of the movements of Barton Stone (1772-1844) and Alexander Campbell (1788-1866), both of whom were troubled by the growing # of denominations b/c of there still a sense of a need for unity and only 1 church per area?
-was supposedly the only true church and/or supposed to unify all the other churches?
-avoided creeds and confessions?
-focused on a rational approach for analyzing the Bible?
-argued that people should be able to read the Bible w/out interference from others?
-focused on the NT?
Brigham Young
Who became Mormon in 1832, lived 1801-1877, and led the Mormons west from 1846-48?
Pietists
Who
-came out of German Lutheranism?
-was the origin of colonial revivals in a way, forerunner of Theodorus Freylinghausen and Solomon Stoddard?
-originated in Prussia and other German states in 1690s and 1700s, then moved to NETH and ENG?
-stressed religious experiences and encouraged people to look within to determine if there were actually Christians?
-had as the founder Philipp Jacob Spener (1635-11705), who argued that religion grows cold and formal when supported by the state, wrote Pia Desideria (1675) wishing for a church. that was true, and organized small groups which met in people's homes, arguing that they were like th early church?
-had as its center Halle, GER?
Charles Finney
-Who had largely Arminian theology?
-was focused in NE and W. NY?
-was center stage in 1820s and 1830s?
-stressed people's innate ability to choose good?
-introduced "New Measures" (allowing women to testify and setting aside a place near the front of the meetinghouse where people could give their lives to Christ) to revivals?
-had a goal of rationally rather than emotionally persuading his hearers to be converted?
-argued that revivals were only arising from a right usage of means, as opposed to being miracles?
Circuit riders
Who were ministers recruited on account of experience (esp. the New Birth) and charisma, were young men, even college-aged who usually road in an oval and/or circle, met with people and preached the Gospel, often slept outside and died young, mostly unmarried, were quite effective as they were perfect for the rapidly expanding population where movement was the rule, and became the model for/prototype of American salesmen?
Book of Mormon
What was published in 1830 and eventually led to the group that used this text acknowledging polygamy in their midst in 1852 and declaring it godly in the 1850s and is full of anachronisms, such as horses, silk, and steel, none of which appeared before Columbus, even though this claims they were in the civilizations that existed before him?
Henry Melchior Muhlenberg
Who was a Lutheran minister who arrived in PHI in 1742, travelled PA for 3 decades, organized congregations and improved morals, and conducted crusade vs. magic in 1740s and '50s, and est. leadership in the US Lutheran church?
Francis Asbury
-Who lived 1745-1816?
-managed the Methodist circuit-riding juggernaut?
-rode probably hundreds of thousands of miles around the country himself?
-was the "prime spokesman" for Methodism?
-emphasized the relationship between the believer and Christ?
-sent riders to dif. locations; they formed small groups of ~12 people, and this multiple of these people formed congregations, and these congregations occasionally came together for denomination-wide conferences?
"Mother" Ann Lee
-Who started Shakers, in Eng. in mid 1700s?
-argued that path to salvation started with celibacy?
-joined a Quaker group that whirled, trembled, and danced, dancing being the most essential part?
-moved to NY in 1774?
-had her group eventually become famous for its furniture?
-had her group share most things, pay attn to simplicity, cleanlinesss, and use?
-had her group incorporate Restorationism, Adventism/Millennialism, and Communitarianism?
-had her group believe that their teachings were following those of the early Hebrew Christian church?
-had her group believe that God had come to earth first in the person of Christ, now in the person of herself?