citizenship
according to the article, is citizenship only viewed as a person's legal status/rights as a citizen?
no. Instead of just having rights on paper, citizens take action to claim those rights, engage in decision-making, and work collectively with others to influence change.
Why is a “critical” lens necessary for meaningful participation?
Because without recognizing power and inequality, participation becomes symbolic, manipulative, or disconnected from real change
Where is Kerala and West Bengal?
india
what does the article mean by "beneficiaries"
people who receive help or aid
According to the authors, what makes participation powerful and transformative?
Participation becomes powerful only when it is part of a larger political project grounded in citizenship, rights, and structural change.
Where did the Zapatistas existed?
This indigenous movement used participation to demand rights and challenge political exclusion in Mexico.
what does the article mean by "claimants"
people who claim their rights/push changes...
What is the basic idea behind the concept of critical modernism?
It combines belief in progress and transformation with a critical awareness of power, inequality, and political structures
What is the Law of Popular Participation?
This national policy in Bolivia “made participation official” by creating spaces for citizens to influence decisions.
Why do the authors argue that participation is not meaningful when it is used only as a development “technique”?
Because it becomes technical and superficial, and it ignores the political structures and inequalities that participation is supposed to challenge.
How does critical modernism help us rethink participation?
It reminds us that change is possible, but only when participation directly confronts political realities rather than ignoring them.