Decline of Feudalism
This economic change — moving from land-based wealth to using money and trade — helped weaken feudalism.
What is the rise of a money-based economy?
What name describes the group of merchants and skilled workers who lived in towns and formed a new social class?
Who are the middle class or merchants?
By roughly what percent did the Black Death kill the population of Europe?
What is about 40%?
The Renaissance began in which country where trade cities like Florence grew wealthy?
What is Italy?
This German monk wrote the 95 Theses and criticized indulgences.
Who is Martin Luther?
Name one event or factor from the unit that increased trade and helped weaken feudalism.
What are the Crusades?
What organizations of artisans and tradespeople set rules, regulated quality, and helped members gain influence in towns?
What are guilds?
Give one main way the plague spread across Europe during the 1300s.
What is via trade routes and infected people or ships carrying infected fleas/rats?)
This term describes the Renaissance interest in ancient Greek and Roman ideas.
What is Greco-Roman?
What practice—selling certificates that promised forgiveness—did Luther protest?
What are indulgences?
Explain how the growth of towns and cities undermined the power of local lords.
What is: Merchants and townspeople made their own money and towns gained independence from lords?
Name one Italian city known for banking that helped make it a trade center and foster the Renaissance.
What is Florence?
What new quarantine practice came from Italian port cities to limit disease spread?
What is isolating ships for forty days — quarantine?
Name one artistic technique developed in the Renaissance that created depth on flat paintings.
What is perspective?
Name two Protestant groups or leaders that emerged besides Luther and briefly state one belief for each.
Who are John Calvin (predestination) and the Anabaptists (adult baptism)?
Two major developments from increased trade contributed to feudalism's decline: the rise of the middle class and this deadly event.
What is the bubonic plague / Black Death?
This wealthy family of bankers in Florence were major patrons of the arts and politics.
Who are the Medici?
Name one social effect of the plague that caused breakdowns in society.
What is: people abandoning duties, violence against minorities, priests refusing to help, or social panic?
This artist kept notebooks of inventions and painted the Mona Lisa.
Who is Leonardo da Vinci?
How did King Henry VIII cause a major religious change in England?
What is: he split with the pope, declared himself head of the Church of England, and seized/sold church lands?
Describe two ways that labor and economic changes after the plague sped the transition away from feudalism.
What are: labor shortages led peasants to demand wages or move to towns; lords switched to less labor-intensive agriculture and sold goods to towns?
Explain how specialization (like Flanders producing textiles) increased interdependence among European towns.
What is: towns specialized in certain products and traded with other regions for goods they did not produce?
Explain two economic or technological changes that resulted from labor shortages after the plague.
What are: higher wages for workers; agricultural and tool improvements; shift to sheep or less labor-intensive farming?
Compare Early Renaissance art to High Renaissance art — give one difference in subject or style.
What is: Early Renaissance often idealized and copied ancient works / backgrounds could be unrealistic; High Renaissance showed realistic subjects, naturalistic detail, and refined use of perspective?
Describe one major result of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (Council of Trent) in response to Protestantism.
What is: it clarified Catholic doctrine, reformed clergy education, addressed abuses, and standardized Mass/worship?