Protestant Reformation
What are the causes of the Protestant Reformation?
- Luther decided to take a public stand against the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel and wrote 95 Theses attacking the “pardon-merchants.” Quickly, Luther’s name became known all over Germany. His actions began the Reformation.
- Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt.
- Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.
What is the Renaissance?
The term means rebirth and it refers to a revival of art and learning.
Why did the Renaissance begin in Florence?
Florence grew wealthy through trade and banking creating a class of affluent businessmen. These men became patrons to individual artists providing them with the funds, residences, and other necessities so that they might focus on using their talents to create paintings, sculpture, literature, and beautiful feats of architecture.
Who is Michealangelo Buonarroti and what did he do?
Michealangelo Buonarroti was a sculptor, poet, architect, and painter and used a realistic style when depicting the human body.
Who was Cosimo de Medici and what influence did he have during Renaissance?
Cosimo de Medici was a dictator of the city of Florence for 30 years. He was the wealthiest European in 1434 and a banker by profession. He had won control of Florence’s government but did not seek political office for himself, instead influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans.He died in 1464, but his family continued to control the city of Florence even after his death.
Who were the leaders of the Protestant Reformation?
The main leaders of the Protestant Reformation were Martin Luther in Germany, John Calvin in Switzerland, and King Henry VIII in England.
What is Humanism?
Humanism is an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
What did humanists influence people to do?
Humanists suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God. In Italy, the wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine foods. Humanists influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions and popularized the study of subjects common to classical education, such as history, literature, and philosophy.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci and what contribution did he make to the Renaissance movement?
Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. A true “Renaissance man,” he was interested in how things worked. He studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranged in a leaf. He filled his notebooks with observations and sketches. Then he incorporated his findings in his art. Among his many masterpieces, Leonardo painted one of the best-known portraits in the world, the Mona Lisa. The woman in the portrait seems so real that many writers have tried to explain the thoughts behind her smile. Leonardo also produced a famous religious painting, The Last Supper.It shows the personalities of Jesus’ disciples through facial expressions.
Who was Raphael Sanzio and what did he do?
Raphael Sanzio was an artist and was younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo. He learned from studying their works.One of Raphael’s favorite subjects was the Madonna and child. Raphael often portrayed their expressions as gentle and calm. He was famous for his use of perspective.
What helped the spread of the Protestant Reformation?
- The printing press allowed Luther to easily spread his ideas through many books he published
- Huldrych Zwingli , a Catholic priest in Zurich was influenced both by the Christian humanism of Erasmus and by the reforms of Luther. Zwingli’s reforms were adopted in Zurich and other cities.
What is Reformation?
Reformation is the movement for religious reform.
What were the three reasons for Italy to become the birth place of Renaissance?
The three advantages that made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance movement were: thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome.
Who was Baldassare Castiglione and what contribution did he make to the Renaissance movement?
Baldassare Castiglione was a writer who wrote a book called "The Courtier" (1528) that taught how to become a Renaissance man or woman.
As per Renaissance writers, every individual must create art and the ideal individual was the one who excelled in many fields like dancing, singing, playing music, and writing poetry. In addition, he should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. Such a man was called a “universal man" or “Renaissance man.”
The Renaissance Woman According to The Courtier, should know the classics and be charming. Yet they were not expected to seek fame. They were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it.
What is a Perspective?
Perspective is an art form that creates the appearance of three dimensions. Classical artists had used perspective,but medieval artists abandoned the technique. In the 1400s, Italian artists rediscovered it. Perspective is based on an optical illusion. As parallel lines stretch away from a viewer, they seem to draw together, until they meet at a spot on the horizon called the vanishing point. The use of perspective was a feature of most Western painting for the next 450 years.
What was the response to the Protestant Reformation by the Catholic Church?
- Catholic Counter Reformation: Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the
Catholic Church to reform itself. This movement is now known as the Catholic
Reformation
- The Jesuits (members of the Society of Jesus) founded
superb schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were well-trained in both classical
studies and theology. The Jesuits’ second mission was to convert non Christians
to Catholicism. So, they sent out missionaries around the world. Their
third goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism.
- The Council of Trent was used to lay out reforms.
What is the meaning of Protestant?
The term Protestant was applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.
What were some changes in the arts that occurred in the era of the Renaissance?
- Art drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome.
-Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways.
- Artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious.
-Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas.
-The arts praised individual achievement.
Who was Isabella d’Este and what did she do during the Renaissance movement?
Isabella d’Este, was a powerful Renaissance woman who was powerful in politics and also a patron of art. Born into the ruling family of the city-state of Ferrara, she married the ruler of another city-state,Mantua. She brought many Renaissance artists to her court and built a famous art collection. She was also skilled in politics. When her husband was taken captive in war, she defended Mantua and won his release.
Who was Sofonisba Anguissola and what did she do?
Sofonisba Anguissola was the first woman artist to gain an international reputation.She is known for her portraits of her sisters and of prominent people such as King Philip II of Spain.
What was the overall impact of the Protestant Reformation?
- Catholic Church is unified; Protestant denominations grow.
- Catholics and Protestants create schools throughout Europe.
- Status of women does not improve.
- Catholic Church's power lessens, power of monarchs and states grow.
-Reformation's questioning of beliefs brings intellectual ferment.
Who were the Jesuits?
The Jesuits were the members of the Society of Jesus.
What were some scientific changes during the era of the Renaissance?
There was an escalation in the study of astronomy, anatomy and medicine, geography, alchemy, mathematics and architecture.
Who was Donatello and what did he do?
Donatello was an artist and sculptor who made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality. He revived a classical form in his statue of David, a boy who, according to the Bible, became a great king. Donatello’s statue was created in the late 1460s. It was the first European sculpture of a large, free-standing nude since ancient times.
Who was Vittoria Colonna and what did she do?
Vittoria Colonna was a female writer of the Reanissance movement. The women writers who gained fame during the Renaissance usually wrote about personal subjects, not politics. Yet, some of them had great influence. Vittoria Colonna (1492–1547) was born of a noble family.In 1509, she married the Marquis of Pescara. He spent most of his life away from home on military campaigns. Vittoria Colonna exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish The Courtier. Her own poems express personal emotions.