Renaissance & Humanism
This term describes a philosophy that focuses on human potential and worldly achievements rather than divine concerns.
What is Humanism?
Martin Luther's primary issue with the Catholic Church was the sale of these, which he believed offered a false promise of salvation.
What are indulgences?
This king initiated the English Reformation primarily for political reasons, rather than religious ones.
Who is King Henry VIII?
This is the belief that the Earth is at the center of the universe, which was the accepted view for centuries before the Scientific Revolution.
What is the Geocentric Theory?
This series of conflicts devastated Central Europe from 1618 to 1648, beginning as a religious dispute.
What is the Thirty Years' War?
This Italian writer is considered the "Father of Humanism" for his emphasis on reviving classical learning.
Who is Petrarch?
This key principle of Luther's theology states that salvation is a free gift from God and is received through faith alone.
What is "salvation by faith alone"?
This act, passed by the English Parliament, officially made the king the head of the Church of England, separating it from Rome.
What is the Act of Supremacy?
This Polish astronomer was the first to propose the Heliocentric Theory, arguing that the sun was at the center of the universe.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This event, where Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a castle window, is considered the trigger for the Thirty Years' War.
What is the Defenestration of Prague?
This Northern Humanist wrote In Praise of Folly, using satire to critique the corruption of the Church and society.
Who is Desiderius Erasmus?
This document, posted by Martin Luther in 1517, was intended to be a series of points for debate about Church practices.
What are the 95 Theses?
This person, a devout Catholic, was executed for refusing to acknowledge the Act of Supremacy.
Who is Sir Thomas More?
This logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas was developed by Francis Bacon and is a cornerstone of modern science.
What is the Scientific Method?
This document granted religious tolerance to the Huguenots in France, bringing an end to the French Wars of Religion.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
This concept, explored by Machiavelli in The Prince, emphasizes the application of learned culture to political life and leadership.
What is Civic Humanism?
This reformer is known for developing the theological concept of predestination, which states that God has already determined who will be saved.
Who is John Calvin?
This daughter of Henry VIII earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" for her violent attempt to restore Catholicism in England.
Who is Mary I?
This scientist used his newly invented telescope to provide observational evidence that supported the Heliocentric Theory.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
This treaty gave German princes the power to decide whether their state would be Catholic or Lutheran, though it did not grant full religious tolerance.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
This individual, famous for works like Hamlet, explored the complexities of human nature and emotion in his writings, reflecting a key tenet of Northern Humanism.
Who is William Shakespeare?
This decree, issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, declared Martin Luther a heretic and made his writings illegal.
What is the Edict of Worms?
This queen established the Anglican Church as a "middle ground" between Catholicism and Protestantism, bringing a period of religious stability to England.
Who is Elizabeth I?
This English physicist unified the work of Copernicus and Galileo by developing the Law of Universal Gravitation.
Who is Isaac Newton?
The Reformation led to this reaction by the Catholic Church, which aimed to reform itself from within and stop the spread of Protestantism.
What is the Counter-Reformation?