Italian States
This high powered family ruled Renaissance Florence and gained their wealth from the banking industry
The Medici
What does Renaissance mean?
rebirth/revival
This person led the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
What was the caravel and who invented it?
Portuguese invention which modernized and improved ship building
What balance of trade does mercantilism require?
More exports than imports
Describe Italy's geography and how their geography helped the country gain so much wealth during the middle ages
Italy is a peninsula located between Europe and Asia. Important location for trade and is surrounded by water
How did the printing press change life for people during the Renaissance?
More literacy and education, people were smarter and began questioning their religion/faith, new inventions, larger view of the world, emphasis on new philosophies
Describe at least 2 features of Calvinism
Predestination, "faith alone", no good works or tithes needed for salvation, no saints, no crucifix, art/music should not be in the church
How did Hernan Cortes conquer the Aztec?
Alliances with city states and the capture of Montezuma. Cortes used horses and modern weapons to defeat the natives as well as diseases such as small pox.
What is the role of colonies within the mercantilist system?
Colonies are used for their natural resources
Colonists were often required to purchase manufactured goods, including textiles and tools, from the mother country.
Many colonies, particularly in the New World, provided a source of cheap labor, often in the form of indentured servants or enslaved people. This labor force was used to cultivate cash crops and extract resources
Why did the increase in trade in the Italian States become so important for the upcoming Age of Exploration?
More trade meant a need for new routes and trade partners - European explorers set sail for the New World
Describe the features of a humanist painting - what were the frequent subjects, backgrounds, styles etc.
Focused on real life, use of real human forms, expressions and emotion, nature, greek/roman features
Which British King broke away from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England? Why did he do it?
King Henry VIII, he wanted to get a divorce from his then wife Queen Catherine to marry his mistress Anne Boleyn
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Agreement made between Spanish and Portuguese which divided up the new world on a line in the mid Atlantic off the coast of Africa. Spanish would be control trade routes in the Americas and the Portuguese held Africa and Asia
What was the Columbian exchange?
It refers to the exchange of goods, cultures, ideas, and people between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas). This exchange had a profound and lasting impact on both hemispheres.
Name the 5 most powerful Italian States
Rome (Papal States), Florence, Venice, Naples, Milan
This term describes a technique in art, the use of lines to create depth and make a piece look three dimensional (used by da Vinci and Michelangelo)
Perspectives
Anabaptists are most closely linked with which modern religious groups?
Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites
Which European powers first colonized the new world and where?
Dutch along the Hudson, later taken over by British
British in New England, Mass, and Virginia
French in Canada and Louisiana
Spanish in central and south America
What is a joint stock company?
A joint-stock company is a business in which stock can be bought and sold by individuals, allowing multiple investors to pool their capital to finance a business venture.
Joint-stock companies became a significant development in the history of commerce and played a crucial role in encouraging exploration and economic growth during the Age of Exploration
Describe how Italy’s political structure benefitted the Renaissance culture it is so known for
Power was not centralized in Italy - prominent families ruled the states. This distribution of power and wealth helped to increase patronage and the flouring of the arts
How did Renaissance impact the 2 following
- Reformation
- Age of Exploration
Reformation was a product of the secularism of the Renaissance. People doubted the power of the church and its authority, it seemed the church was becoming a little too secular and rich/corrupt. Emphasis on faith alone being enough, focus on the bible rather than church officials
Age of exploration resulted from the European power's need to find new trade routes as the Italians had dominated world trade during the Renaissance. There was also a revival of interest in classical texts and ideas, which led to advancements in various fields of knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy, and geography. The Renaissance also encouraged a broader perspective on the world, emphasizing individualism, curiosity, and the idea of human potential. These ideals promoted a more adventurous and risk-taking spirit, making people more willing to explore and discover the unknown.
Describe 3 causes of the reformation: socially, economically, and politically
Social: humanism, renaissance, printing press, education
Economics: tithes, indulgences, church was too wealthy while most people were poor
Political: corruption in the church, church's power threatened the power of the monarchies, Pope was a political leader
Explain the motives for European expansion
Gold - financial incentives and the need for new trade routes to the Asia/desire to form new colonies
Glory - Successful explorers were often celebrated as heroes and were remembered in history. Their discoveries and achievements brought prestige and honor to both the individual explorer and the nation that sponsored the expedition (nationalism)
God - explorers were tasked with not only the need to find new trade routes and lands, but to also spread Christianity. Many Europeans worked as missionaries and worked to convert native peoples to their religion
Describe the triangular trade and the middle passage
The Triangular Trade was a three-part trade network that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Europe to Africa: European traders brought goods such as textiles, firearms, alcohol, and other manufactured products to trade with African merchants. These goods were used to purchase enslaved Africans.
Africa to the Americas: The second leg of the trade, often referred to as the Middle Passage, involved the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas (Middle Passage)
Americas to Europe: The third leg of the trade involved the transport of American goods, primarily agricultural products like sugar, tobacco, cotton, and rum, back to Europe.