Italian Renaissance
This intellectual movement revived interest in classical Greek and Roman learning and emphasized human potential.
Humanism
This German inventor developed a European printing process using movable metal type around 1440.
Johannes Gutenberg
This German monk challenged the sale of indulgences by publishing the 95 Theses in 1517.
Martin Luther
This English king broke with the pope after the pope refused to annul his marriage.
Henry VIII
This model placed Earth at the center of the universe.
the geocentric model
This wealthy Florentine banking family used its money and influence to support Renaissance artists.
the Medici
This term refers to the everyday spoken language of ordinary people.
vernacular
These were pardons the Church taught could reduce punishment for sins; their sale became a source of controversy.
Indulgences
This 1534 law declared the English king the head of the Church of England.
the Act of Supremacy
This model challenged the traditional belief that Earth was the center of the universe by placing the Sun at the center.
The Heliocentric Model
This term describes a Renaissance ideal of a person skilled in many areas of knowledge and activity.
Renaissance Man
Unlike the art from the Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance artist often placed a greater emphasis on these subjects.
Everyday people and activities, including peasants, weddings, and daily community life.
According to Martin Luther, this, not good works, was the basis of salvation.
Faith alone or Sola Fide
This English queen reestablished Protestantism in England after her Catholic half-sister's bloody reign.
Elizabeth I
This astronomer proposed a Sun-centered model of the solar system.
Nicolaus Copernicus
This artist painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and studied anatomy and engineering.
Leonardo da Vinci?
This movement used classical learning to examine Christian beliefs and encourage moral and religious reform.
Christian humanism
This event (a type of meeting) held in 1521 required Martin Luther to defend his writings before the Holy Roman Emperor.
The Diet of Worms
This Catholic council reaffirmed Catholic teachings and addressed abuses within the Church during the Counter-Reformation.
the Council of Trent
This scientist used a telescope to observe Jupiter's moons and supported the heliocentric model.
Galileo Galilei
Wealthy merchants in Italian city-states supported artists financially. This practice helped Renaissance art flourish.
Patronage
This invention allowed books to be produced more quickly and cheaply, helping Renaissance ideas reach more people.
The Printing Press
This was the formal punishment imposed on Martin Luther by the pope in 1521, officially removing him from the Roman Catholic Church.
Excommunication
This group, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, established schools and worked to spread Catholicism.
the Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus.
This scientist developed laws of motion and universal gravitation to explain how objects move.
Isaac Newton