The Renaissance
This term means “rebirth” and refers to the revival of art, learning, and culture in Europe.
Renaissance
This German monk’s 95 Theses challenged Church corruption and sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther
The three G's; motivations for exploration.
Gold, God, Glory
This term describes a system in which a ruler holds total power over government and people.
Absolutism or Absolute Monarchy
This Spanish king, husband of Mary I of England, ruled during Spain’s Golden Age and sent the Armada against England in 1588.
Phillip II
He wrote The Prince, arguing that rulers should use any means necessary to keep power.
Machiavelli
This practice of selling forgiveness for sins was one of the main reasons for Martin Luther’s protest.
Indulgences
This economic theory stated that colonies existed to benefit the mother country through trade and wealth accumulation.
Mercantilism
This French monarch, known as the “Sun King,” built the Palace of Versailles.
Louis XIV
This empire, centered in modern-day Turkey, reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent and controlled parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia.
The Ottoman Empire
This invention by Gutenberg helped ideas spread quickly and increased literacy.
The Printing Press
This agreement in 1555 allowed German princes to choose whether their state would be Catholic or Protestant.
The Peace of Augsburg
This Italian explorer, sailing for Spain in 1492, believed he had reached Asia but instead landed in the Caribbean, beginning centuries of European colonization in the Americas.
Christopher Columbus
This Russian czar modernized his country by adopting Western European ideas and technology.
Peter the Great
This Portuguese explorer’s crew became the first to sail around the world, proving the true size of Earth.
Ferdinand Magellan
This Renaissance artist painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, showcasing realism and human emotion.
Leonardo Da Vinci
This movement within the Catholic Church aimed to stop the spread of Protestantism and reform Church practices.
The Catholic Counter-Reformation (Or Council of Trent)
This Spanish conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico.
Hernan Cortes
This belief claimed that a ruler’s authority came directly from God.
Divine Right
This trade system connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas, exchanging goods and enslaved people across the Atlantic.
Triangular Trade (or Atlantic Slave Trade)?
This intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements rather than solely religious matters.
Humanism
This French reformer emphasized predestination and founded a theocracy in Geneva.
John Calvin
This economic system, which grew during the Commercial Revolution, is based on private ownership, competition, and the pursuit of profit.
Capitalism
Treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War and recognized state sovereignty.
Peace of Westphalia
This wealthy family from Florence were major patrons of the arts and helped fund artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
The Medicis