Italian City States Geography
Explain whether Italy was united or divided in the 1400s.
Italy was politically divided between city states, kingdoms and the Papal States.
What made Florence an important trading and cultural center?
Center of banking and clothing production which brought incredible wealth to the city, large population, talented artists and writers.
Describe characteristics of medieval art.
Religious, 2D
How was the Holy Roman Empire created?
It was created when Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope.
Describe the sacraments.
Confession, communion, acts of penance
Why were indulgences being sold?
The Pope wanted him to raise money to build St. Peter’s Basilica.
What was a possession?
an area of land or city that another city controlled for the purpose of trade
What events contributed to the Renaissance?
Crusades, Black Death and Growth of Cities
Describe the advances and characteristics of Renaissance art.
Still religious topics, 3D, used perspective, became more life like
Describe the limits on the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
Holy Roman Emperors were elected by princes. Because of this they were not absolute rulers.
Describe what a relic is.
An object believed to be holy
Explain why Luther wrote the 95 Theses.
He was enraged by the Church’s selling of indulgences, corruption and hypocrisy
Which city stats had most possessions?
Venice had the largest possessions throughout the Mediterranean.
Describe the financial services merchants need to conduct trade throughout the Mediterranean.
Merchants needed access to money in the form of loans and insurance.
Identify who painted the Last Supper. Describe what makes it special.
Da Vinci, used perspective
Describe the meaning of the title ‘Defender of the Faith’.
A king who will fight to protect the interests of the Catholic Church.
Explain the reason a person bought an indulgence.
To make the path to Heaven easier.
Define excommunication
not being able to go to heaven
Define republic
a system of government where citizens elect their leaders
Define lend
Give to another with the expectation of something in return.
Identify who sculpted the marble statue of Mary and Jesus. Describe what makes it special.
Michelangelo, looks life life
Define compel
to force
Define nepotism
giving jobs to family members or friends
Explain why the use of vernacular language in Luther’s writings were so impactful
It was the everyday language of the people
Define middleman
a person who buys goods from producers and sells them to retailers or consumers
Explain what enabled, or allowed patrons to support artists.
Patrons had large sources of income from either trade, land or church tithes.
Describe Machiavelli’s motivation for writing the Prince.
Machiavelli wanted to get a job with another city state, so he wrote a book about how to get and keep power.
Who was God's representative on Earth?
The Pope
Describe Erasmus’ criticisms of the Church.
Corruption, Church needed to focus on spiritual teachings, indulgences
Explain whether Luther and Calvin agreed on predestination
They did not, Calvin believed in predestination, but Martin Luther did not.
Explain Henry VIII’s motivation in breaking away from the Catholic Church.
He needed a male heir. So he wanted a divorce from his wife. The Pope refused, so Henry created his own Church and got his divorce.
Describe the different actions the Church took after the Council of Trent.
The Church stopped selling indulgences as well as better rules and training for Church leaders. The Church created The Inquisition, which often used torture to get the accused to confess their
guilt.
What helped Luther’s message spread throughout Germany and Europe?
Writing in vernacular languages such as German and the Printing Press.
Describe the goal of the Jesuits.
The Jesuits combat Protestantism by founding universities, churches and sending missionaries throughout the world.
Explain what Luther meant by, "By faith alone”.
A person’s salvation rested on faith in Jesus.
Explain what Luther meant by, “Here I stand”.
He believed what he said was true and therefore could not take it back.