Humanism & Arts
This idea of the Renaissance focused on human potential, studying ancient Greek and Roman texts, and vaulting education in literature, history, and art.
Humanism
This Polish astronomer first proposed a sun‑centered universe in the 1500s.
Nicolaus Copernicus
This German monk posted 95 Theses complaining about Church practices like selling indulgences, starting the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther
The Catholic Church responded to the Reformation with reforms and meetings called this council that clarified Catholic teachings.
Council of Trent
During the Renaissance, some Italian cities governed themselves instead of being ruled by a distant king; these were called what?
City‑states
Name the artist and inventor who painted the Mona Lisa and exemplified Renaissance curiosity about art and science.
Leonardo de Vinci
This invention allowed ideas to spread quickly across Europe and helped more people learn to read.
The Printing Press (Gutenberg)
Name two new Protestant branch that developed during the Reformation.
Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, Episcopalian, Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal, Presbyterian, Reformed.
This religious order, founded by Ignatius Loyola, played a major role in strengthening Catholic education and missionary work during the Counter‑Reformation.
Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
This Renaissance writer wrote The Prince and argued that rulers should focus on power and stability, even if they used ruthless methods.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Renaissance painters developed a technique that makes objects appear farther away or nearer, giving paintings depth; this technique changed how scenes looked realistic. What is it?
Perspective
Name the scientist who used a telescope to confirm the heliocentric theory and later faced the Catholic Church for his ideas.
Galileo Galilei
John Calvin taught a doctrine that says God decided ahead of time who would be saved and who would not. What is this belief called?
Predestination
Name the action the Counter‑Reformation used to defend Catholicism
Council of Trent
The review says governments became more separate from this institution during the Renaissance. Name that institution.
The Church
This sculptor and painter created the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and is one of the key figures of High Renaissance art.
Michelangelo
Galileo did experiments showing that in a vacuum, all falling objects accelerate the same way. What idea about the universe did this experimental approach help support — observation or tradition?
Observation
Give two causes of the Protestant Reformation.
Renaissance Ideas, Church Corruption, powerful monarchs, the printing press.
Identify one political or social effect of the religious wars between Catholics and Protestants mentioned in the review.
Religious wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War), political divisions, increased persecution
List two early political ideas from the Renaissance that helped lay the groundwork for later ideas about democracy and individual rights.
Secular politics (separating government from the Church), questioning authority, early ideas of rights, civic humanism
Explain, in one or two sentences, how studying anatomy helped Renaissance artists create more realistic art.
Sample Answer: Studying anatomy helped artists understand muscle and bone structure, so they could draw people with correct proportions and realistic poses.
Describe one long‑term effect of the Scientific Revolution on ideas about individual rights or authority (one to two sentences).
Sample Answer: The Scientific Revolution encouraged people to rely on reason and evidence rather than tradition, which weakened absolute authority and supported the idea that individuals could discover truth for themselves.
Explain how the printing press helped the Reformation spread (one to two sentences).
The printing press made it possible to produce many copies of writings like Luther’s 95 Theses, so people across Europe read them and new Protestant ideas spread quickly.
In one to two sentences, analyze how the Counter‑Reformation both resisted religious change and yet led to clearer definitions of Catholic beliefs.
The Counter‑Reformation strengthened Catholic doctrine and reformed some abuses, which helped the Church maintain followers, but it also intensified conflicts with Protestants and clarified religious differences across Europe.
Explain how ideas from the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution together helped lead to Enlightenment thinking about natural rights (two to three sentences).
Renaissance humanism encouraged people to value individual achievement and question old authorities; the Reformation challenged church authority; and the Scientific Revolution promoted reason. Together these movements opened the way for Enlightenment thinkers to argue for natural rights, liberty, and equality.