Ideals
Why was Italy considered the “birthplace” of the Renaissance? Give two reasons
Connection to Ancient Rome
Crusades opened up Venetian and Genoan trading ports
Italian citizens believed in focusing on the current moment after the Black Plague
People grew more interested in the classics
Weak papal states
Define chiaroscuro, sfumato, and contrapposto
What is unique about the painting The School of Athens?
Greek philosophers and thinkers are included and there are no Christian themes
Main differences between Northern and Italian Renaissance art
Italy was inspired by humanism, the fancy upper class, and reviving the classics but Northern Europe was more about religious reform, middle-class and peasants, and landscapes and naturalism.
List the 4 common church malpractices (+25 per explanation)
Simony (buying and selling offices), nepotism (family assistance), pluralism (multiple titles at once), absenteeism (not being present in town)
What were some things that resurged in classicism? List 2 things
Roman authors and poets (Virgil, Cicero)
Greek lit and philosophy (Plato)
Original Latin is superior (Petrarich)
Imitated art, architecture, etc
uses shading, lines, and sometimes geometry to create depth and a focus point
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo got their starts in this city and patroned by these people
Florence, de Medici
oil paintings, lots of Mary and Baby Jesus
Explain indulgences and why they were considered bad by Luther
Indulgences were a way to pay for sins to be forgiven, but the church stole the money and scared people into buying them. Luther, who was constantly guilty, saw this as wrong
Dante (Italian, Divine Comedy, troubadours) is the opposite of Petrarch (classical Latin, self-denial, sonnets and Laura). Boccaccio (Greek+Roman, Decameron) is Petrarch’s student.
Mannerism vs Classism
Classicism is more natural and humanly and bright while mannerism is darker and more chaotic
Pope Julian II commissioned which two artists to paint in the Vatican?
Raphael and Michelangelo
Jan van Eyck was from this place and “repainted” which of Michelangelo’s famous pieces?
Netherlands, Last Judgement
What are the main precepts of Lutheranism? List two, +50 for extra
Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura, salvation by faith alone, priesthood of all believers, only Baptism and Eucharist
Humans as the only free creatures, immortal souls, the afterlife, and ideas differing from senses are examples of
Platonism
Despite the different styles (awkwardness to realistic), what was similar between Renaissance and Medieval art?
Both kept Christian themes (for different reasons)
One artist in the Venetian School and one from the Florentine School
V: Titian
F: da Vinci or Botticelli
Who wrote Utopia in 1516 and was beheaded in 1535?
Sir Thomas More
Main centers of Presbyterians, Puritans, and Hugenots?
Scotland, England, France/Netherlands
Compare and contrast humanism and civic humanism
Both focused on the person and abilities as well as beliefs and virtues. Civic humanism was devoted to the political and social life. Humanism was more about solitude and contemplation and more focused on politics than being social.
Compare and contrast the Venetian and Florentine schools of art
Venetian schools were more about aesthetic and pompousness of the aristocracy and not very philosophical. The Florentine school was about the divinity of nature and was more humanist
Name pieces made by Leonardo, Michelangelo, Titian, Raphael, and/or Botticelli (at least 5, +100 extra)
Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Virgin on the Rocks, Pietà, David, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Last Judgement, Birth of Venus, Allegory of Spring, School of Athens, Sistine Madonna, Venus
Discuss Spanish Humanism and Cardinal Cisneros
Which of Henry VIII’s wives gave birth (specify mother and child) and what did each child do?
Katherine Aragon —> Mary Tudor, AKA Bloody Mary, radical Catholic who killed those who refused conversion
Anne Boleyn —> Elizabeth Tudor, AKA Elizabeth I, reigned the longest and most successfully, mixed Protestantism and Catholicism but hated Puritans
Jane Seymour —> Edward Tudor, ruled 10 years until he died at 16, conversed with John Calvin and made country Protestant, lots of Articles