Electrolytes
What is hypernatremia?
This prototype drug blocks mineralocorticoid receptors
What is spironolactone?
The delta-delta ration indicates when a high anion gap metabolic acidosis is present
change in anion gap / change in bicarb
The complication of HTN affecting the eyes
What is hypertensive retinopathy?
This genetic disorder is most commonly caused by mutations in polycystin
What is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
Alkalosis, beta-agonists and insulin cause this K+ imbalance
What is hypokalemia?
These 2 prototype drugs inhibit the NKCC2 cotransporter in the TAL
What are furosemide and ethacrynic acid?
This mnemonic provides differentials for high anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Methanol and Metformin
Uremia
DKA
Propylene glycol
Isoniazid (INH)
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates
Patients presenting with acute kidney injury, Stroke, and/or HF indicates a progressive disease state.
What is hypertension-mediated organ damage?
This genetic disorder show bilaterally enlarged hyper echoic kidneys on prenatal US with possible oligohydramnios
What is autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease?
Magnesium
This drug's therapeutic use includes treating metabolic alkalosis.
What is acetazolamide?
The osmolal gap is calculated from the difference of a measured and calculated value.
Measured osmolality (normal is 275-295)
Calculated osmolality (2xNa) + (BUN/2.8) + (glucose/18)
These agents are first-line because they reduce albuminuria and BP
What are RAS-Inhibitors?
This is the most common cause of congenital solitary kidney.
What is unilateral multi cystic dysplastic kidney?
This hormone regulates a cation by increasing its secretion in the DCT and collecting duct. Anything that increases x, decreases y.
What are aldosterone and potassium?
This diuretic increases concentrations of all electrolytes in the urine.
What is mannitol?
This acid base disorder is characterized by impaired excretion of H+ ions in the distal tubule leading to low urine ammonium and inability to acidify urine.
What is Type I (Hypokalemic Distal) RTA?
This cause of secondary hypertension is characterized by muscle weakness, striae, and easy bruising
What is Cushings syndrome?
This is one of the most common causes of ESRD, resulting from developmental arrest of the metanephric renal blastema during the 1st trimester of fetal life.
What is renal hypodysplasia?
What is Liddle's syndrome? What is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)?
This prototype drug's net effects in the urine are increased concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, and a decrease in Ca2+
What is hydrochlorothiazide?
This formula assesses for complete compensation in metabolic acidosis.
What is Winters formula (PaCO2=(1.5xHCO3)+8))?
This is the most common cause of renovascular HTN in old men.
What is renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerotic obstruction?
There are 3 stages of normal embryologic development of the kidney.
What are the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros?