host and bugs
This is the most common cause of community-acquired UTIs
What is Escherichia coli?
This is the functional unit of the kidney.
What is the nephron?
This muscle contracts during urination.
What is the detrusor muscle?
This is now Australia's first-line antibiotic for uncomplicated cystitis.
What is nitrofurantoin?
A patient drinks 5 litres of water.
This hormone falls.
What is ADH?
Name two host defences that normally prevent UTIs.
This nephron segment reabsorbs approximately 65% of filtered sodium and water.
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
These spinal cord segments provide parasympathetic innervation to the bladder.
What are S2–S4?
Loop diuretics inhibit this transporter.
What is NKCC2?
A patient presents with:
Most likely diagnosis?
What is pyelonephritis?
This bacterial virulence factor allows bacteria to ascend the ureters.
What are pili (fimbriae)?
This hormone inserts aquaporin-2 channels into collecting duct cells.
What is ADH?
This receptor relaxes the bladder during filling.
What is the β3 receptor?
This urinary antiseptic only works when urine pH is ≤5.5.
What is methenamine hippurate?
A patient has BPH.
Which phase of micturition becomes most difficult?
What is bladder emptying (voiding)?
Which organism produces urease and is associated with urinary stones?
What is Proteus?
These three stimuli increase renin release.
The brain centre responsible for coordinating normal urination.
What is the pontine micturition centre?
Why should Ural not be taken with fosfomycin?
It alkalinises urine and reduces fosfomycin effectiveness.
A patient receives atropine.
What urinary side effect is expected?
Urinary retention
A catheterised ICU patient develops a UTI. Which organism becomes much more likely?
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A patient loses 2 L of blood.
Predict the changes in:
↑ Renin
↑ ADH
↓ ANP
Put these in order:
Stretch receptors
↓
Pontine micturition centre
↓
External sphincter relaxes
↓
Detrusor contracts
Name two reasons nitrofurantoin resistance remains uncommon
A patient has severe dehydration.
Predict:
↓ Urine volume
↑ Urine osmolality
↑ ADH