Etiology & Pathophysiology
Most common cause of intrinsic acute kidney injury
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Electrolyte abnormality characterized by Trousseau sign and Chvostek sign
Hypocalcemia
Podocyte damage seen on electron microscope with proteinuria
Minimal change disease
Ratio used to differentiate prerenal azotemia vs intrinsic kidney failure
Classification of medication administered in nephrotic syndrome to reduce renal blood flow
ACE-I/ARBs
Most common cause of ESRD
Diabetes Melitus. (HTN is 2nd MCC)
Hematuria, hypertension, and hemoptysis
Goodpasture's syndrome
Muddy brown casts are seen in this type of intrinsic renal failure
Tubular necrosis
Abdominal bruits are highly specific for ____
Renal artery stenosis
First line treatment for rhabdomyolysis
IV Fluids
ESRD is classified by a GFR of less than ___
GFR<15
Electrolyte abnormality associated with torsades de pointes
Hypomagnesemia
Dilation of collecting system seen on ultrasound due to a urinary tract obstruction
Hydronephrosis
Imaging of choice to detect nephrolithiasis
Non-contrast CT
This classification of diuretic leads to hyperkalemia while others often lead to hypokalemia
Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, eplerenone)
Most common renal tumor seen in children
Wilms tumor
Muscle pain, weakness, and dark tea-colored urine
Rhabdomyolysis
Acid/base disorder in a patient with a pH of 7.29, HCO3 of 18, and CO2 of 36
Metabolic acidosis
Gold standard to diagnose the classification of acute glomerulonephritis
Renal biopsy
Treatment for ESRD, acidosis, volume overload, electrolyte imbalance, and some toxins
Dialysis
Hypertonic hyponatremia can be caused by ____
Hyperglycemia or iatrogenic mannitol
Purpura, arthritis, and abdominal pain
IgA vasculitis, “Classic triad” of Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Acute nephritis 12 days after a strep infection with +ASO titers
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Test to differentiate between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic hyponatremia
Serum osmolality
Medications to treat severe hyperkalemia
Calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, albuterol, dextrose + insulin