nephron
The type of nephron that is responsible for most of the kidney's functionality.
Juxtamedullary
the two active parts of kidney
juxtamedullary and cortical
big muscle that is around the bladder
detrusor muscle
this is required for blood to go in Bowman's capsule
hydrostatic pressure
what type of pressure is needed to push filtrate into the Bowman's capsule and what is responsible for this pressure?
hydrostratic pressure; blood pressure
Where most of the solute reabsorption happens.
Proximal tubule / thick descending limb
type of cells that line the arteriole
endothelial cells
the action of excreting out of the urethra
voiding
increased GFR (at Bowman's capsule) means...
more water and solutes will enter the filtrate
most of the automatic control for GFR occurs via the afferent arteriole. however, the efferent arteriole can also assist in controlling the GFR. knowing this, what would be the outcome if the efferent arteriole vasodilated?
the GFR goes down
These molecules are reabsorbed paracellularly. (Proximal tubule)
Calcium, chloride, water
type of cells that line the tubule
epithelial cells
the system that activates when you're scared or excited
limbic system
vasodilation of afferent arteriole will...
increase HP and GFR
in the nephron, which molecules require the concentration gradient of Na+ in order to be reabsorbed?
proximal tubule: amino acids, glucose,
thick ascending limb: potassium, chloride
Portion of nephron that has the highest solute concentration.
Loop of Henle
mesangial cells
bladder stretches and signal is sent to the PMC. PMC signals for the detrusor to contract and the internal sphincter to relax. this allows for voiding.
how does exercise affect the afferent arteriole?
sympathetic activation will cause afferent arteriole to vasoconstrict and decrease GFR in order to keep more water in the blood.
the primary way solutes are reabsorbed at the Thick Ascending Limb portion of the nephron is _____ and the pathway for the reabsorption of these solutes is called_____.
NKCC co-transport, transcellular
This molecule is combined with 2 NH2 groups to form urea.
carbonyl group (C=O)
responsible for detecting NaCl concentrations and the corresponding specialized smooth muscle cells
How does the limbic system affect the external sphincter?
when it is activated, the limbic system affects the pre-frontal cortex's control of the external sphincter, therefore the external sphincter may involuntarily open.
what is one way the afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict?
1) The mesangial cells will detect high hydrostatic pressure causing cells to contract and the afferent arteriole to vasoconstrict which lowers GFR.
2) Macula densa detects high NaCl concentration in the afferent arteriole and causes the granular cells to contract and the afferent arteriole to vasoconstrict, lowering GFR.
Prior to engaging in exercise, an individual consumes a salt tablet. you can assume the tablet elevates the amount of NaCl in the blood. what happens in the nephron because of this? (entire process)
macula densa detects high NaCl concentration--> granular cells will contract--> afferent arteriole vasoconstricts--> GFR decreases--> blood volume increases