Renal / Urologic System
This lower urinary tract infection is characterized by localized symptoms like urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria, but is distinguished from more severe infections by the absence of high fever or flank pain.
What is Cystitis (Bladder Infection)?
This common nighttime symptom, defined as needing to use the bathroom 1–2 or more times during the night, becomes more frequent with age due to decreased bladder elasticity.
What is Nocturia?
Differentiated from musculoskeletal back pain by its "colicky" nature, this condition involves severe flank pain that radiates to the groin or genitals as a stone moves through the ureter.
What is Nephrolithiasis (Renal Calculi/Kidney Stones)?
This type of incontinence is characterized by a "sudden, unexpected" urge to urinate due to detrusor muscle instability or spasticity, and is often treated with medications to manage muscle spasticity.
What is Urge Incontinence?
This serious upper urinary tract infection is differentiated from cystitis by systemic symptoms including high fever, chills, and significant tenderness at the costovertebral angle (CVA).
What is Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection)?
This condition is marked by a constant leaking of urine because the bladder is full but unable to empty completely; it is common in men with prostatic hyperplasia or patients with Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI).
What is Overflow Incontinence?
While younger patients present with classic burning and frequency, this urologic condition in the elderly population often manifests primarily as sudden mental confusion, lethargy, or "altered mental status."
What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?
This specific type of "orthopedic failure" is characterized by the loss of urine during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting.
What is Stress Incontinence?
Differentiated from regular back pain, this urologic emergency involves sudden, severe scrotal pain and is a surgical emergency because it involves the twisting of the spermatic cord.
What is Testicular Torsion?
This type of incontinence is often the primary focus of PT because it involves a "normal" bladder and sphincter, but the patient cannot reach the toilet in time due to physical mobility limitations or environmental barriers.
What is Functional Incontinence?