Traffic
No. of hours wasted due to Metro Manila Traffic
143 hours
Source: GMA Integrated News (2026)
This system in Metro Manila is deemed overcrowded and inefficient.
Metro Manila's Transportation System
Sources: Sidel (2020) and Punongbayan (2025)
Give the current problem of MV Owners
Long travel time and vehicle-related expenses
Source: Cruz (2026) and The ASEAN Post (2019)
What main problem does businesses have?
Delayed workers and deliveries
Sources: Tanguines (2025)
The Philippine Government still focuses on this type of transportation network
Car-centric transportation network
Source: Punongbayan (2025) and Lumban (2023)
A road-related economic issue in Metro Manila
When commuters experience long and unreliable travel, their late arrival can reduce the productivity of this stakeholder.
Businesses
Source: Han et al. (2022)
When more motor vehicle owners use private cars for comfort and convenience, they worsen congestion and increase travel time for this stakeholder.
Commuters
Source: Council for People's Development and Governance (2025)
When businesses experience delayed deliveries, higher logistics costs, and lower productivity, this stakeholder may receive lower tax revenues and greater pressure to improve infrastructure.
Government
Source: Analysis through Keynes' 1936 book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”
When the government prioritizes road projects instead of reliable, people-centered public transportation, these three stakeholders continue to experience longer travel times, higher expenses, and reduced productivity.
Commuters, MV Owners, and businesses