Passive/Causative
Mary wrote a book last year.
A book ____________________.
A book was written by Mary.
They started watching horror movies 3 years ago (for).
They have been watching/have watched horror movies for 3 years.
Bananas are more expensive than apples.
Apples __________________.
Apples are cheaper than bananas. / Apples aren’t as expensive as bananas.
We met at this café. Lots of romances began here. (where)
We met at this café, where lots of romances began.
If the tickets don’t arrive, we won’t be able to go. (unless)
Unless the tickets arrive, we won’t be able to go.
I am having my house painted now.
My house _________________.
My house is being painted now.
He started playing tennis at the age of 12. (since)
He has been playing/has played tennis since he was 12.
Despite the fact that the questions were difficult, she got a high mark in her exam. (Although)
Although the questions were difficult, she got a high mark in her exam.
Shakespeare was a famous writer. He wrote beautiful sonnets. (who)
Shakespeare, who was a famous writer, wrote beautiful sonnets.
I would like to have more free time these days. (if only)
If only I had more free time these days.
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE
They say this tree is over 400 years old.
1) This tree is said to be over 400 years old.
2) It is said that this tree is over 400 years old.
I haven’t smoked a cigarette for more than 8 years.
The last time __________________________.
The last time I smoked a cigarette was 8 years ago.
Although the weather was awful, they had a great time. (in spite of)
In spite of the awful weather, they had a great time.
This is the man. His dog bit my brother in the park. (whose)
This is the man whose dog bit my brother in the park.
I’m sorry I didn’t work hard enough last year.
I wish _____________.
I wish I had worked hard enough last year.
They must tell us the news tomorrow night.
The news _______________________.
The news must be told to us tomorrow night.
He drove for hours to get here. (for)
By the time he got here, he ...................... hours.
By the time he got here, he had been driving for hours.
The film is not as good as the novel.
The novel _________________.
The novel is better than the film.
The Da Vinci Code is a best-seller. It was written by Dan Brown. (Which)
The Da Vinci Code, which was written by Dan Brown, is a best-seller.
We didn’t visit the museum because we didn’t have time. (if)
If we had had time, we would have visited the museum.
They are fixing my new car next week. (having)
I am having my new car fixed next week.
The last time she wrote a poem was two years ago. (for)
She hasn’t written a poem for two years.
Although Orson was over seventy, he continued to cycle to work every day. (despite)
Despite being over seventy, Orson continued to cycle to work every day.
The people who I stayed with were very kind. (whom)
The people with whom I stayed were very kind.
I don’t earn much money. It’s a pity I can’t buy a new car. (if)
If I earned much money, I could buy a new car.