transcription
only one strand is transcribed during transcription, the strand that is not is called this
anti-sense strand
the person who discovered the structure of DNA followed by the people who built a physical model of DNA
Rosalind Franklin, Watson&Crick
the fragments left on the lagging strand and the enzyme that brings them together
okazaki fragments and DNA Ligase
this type of mutation renders the gene unable to code for a functional polypeptide
nonsense mutation
translation is activated when mRNA binds to this complex, and exposes two adjacent codons
ribosome
this enzyme is binds to a sense strand of DNA and opens the helix
RNA polymerase
the reason why DNA is in a double helix shape
because the base pairs A&T and G&C combine using a different number of hydrogen bonds
A&T use 2 hydrogen bonds and G&C use 3 hydrogen bonds
the enzyme that unzips and unwinds the DNA and the point where the splitting begins, respectively are
DNA Helicase and the origin of replication
this type of mutation results in a slightly altered protein
mis-sense mutation
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA polymerase work like DNA Polymerase in that it does this when building
they both build starting at the 3' end and their build begins with the 5' end
chargoff's rule
nucleotides are not all present in equal amounts
the enzyme that inserts itself into the replication bubble and begins to add complimentary nucleotides that are complimentary to the existing strand
DNA Polymerase
this type of mutation causes the entire reading frame of the gene to be altered (insertion or deletion)
frameshift mutation
this enzyme allows the ribosome to let the mrRNA and polypeptide chain to go
release factor
RNA polymerase because it reaches this
stop signal(termination sequence)
the nucleotides that appear in RNA
Adenine,Guanine, cytosine, and uracail
The short strand of RNA serves as the starting point for attachment of new nucleotides and can only go where it is unzipped as close to the 3' side as possible
RNA primase
the mutation where a nucleotide is changed by the resulting amino acid is unchanged
silent mutation
tRNA contains this, which is a stretch of three nucleotides that is complimentary to the mRNA codon
anti-codon
RNA polymerase works it's way along the DNA molecule and synthesize a strand of this, that is complimentary to the sense strand of DNA
mRNA
these catalyze the cleavage of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
restriction enzymes
this enzyme removes DNA Primer and proof reads the DNA code and can repair any mistakes made
DNA Polymerase
the physical or chemical factors that can cause mutations are called
Ex. physical: x-rays, gamma rays, etc.
mutagenes
when an adjacent anti-codon arrives the mRNA strand, they form an amino acid and them join the amino acid chain that is building next to them, this cycle repeats until it reaches this
stop codon