Embryology & Genetics
Question: The muscles of facial expression are derived from which pharyngeal arch?
B) Arch 2
Which pelvic ligament is a remnant of the embryonic gubernaculum and is considered both an ovarian and a uterine ligament?
Question: A massive spike in which hormone directly triggers ovulation?
D) LH
Question: A 55-year-old woman is diagnosed with an oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Which medication is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that acts as an antagonist in the breast but an agonist in the uterus?
Tamoxifen
Question: A 26-year-old woman presents with a thin, grayish vaginal discharge with a "fishy" odour, and a wet mount shows clue cells. What is the first-line treatment for this condition?
Metronidazole
Question: In the developing embryo, the lungs, liver, and pancreas are all derivatives of which primary germ layer?
Endoderm
Question: The suspensory ligament of the ovary (also known as the infundibulopelvic ligament) connects the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall and contains which important structures?
B) Ovarian arteries, veins, and lymphatics
Question: During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which hormone dominates and is responsible for the 0.3–0.5°C rise in basal body temperature?
Progesterone
A 28-year-old pregnant woman discovers a 2-cm, discrete, freely movable mass beneath her nipple. What is the most likely diagnosis for this common, benign breast tumour?
Fibroadenoma
Question: Which two strains of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are most classically associated with the development of cervical cancer?
B) Types 16 and 18
Question: The superior parathyroid glands share their embryologic origin (the 4th pharyngeal pouch) with which of the following structures?
Question: What is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy to occur?
D) Ampulla of the Fallopian tube
Question: What is the normal physiological secretion pattern of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) that is required to stimulate the release of LH and FSH?
Which monoclonal antibody is a targeted drug therapy indicated for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer?
Trastuzumab
Question: A female patient presents with thick, white, "cottage cheese" vaginal discharge and a normal vaginal pH (4.0–4.5). A microscopic exam shows pseudohyphae. What is the diagnosis?
Vulvovaginal candidiasis
Question: DiGeorge syndrome, which presents with a lack of a thymus and hypocalcaemia, is caused by the failure of which pharyngeal pouches to develop?
C) 3rd and 4th pouches
Question: Which embryologic structure gives rise to the Fallopian (uterine) tubes, uterus, and cervix?
B) Paramesonephric duct
Question: If a woman tracking her fertility notices that her basal body temperature never rises during her cycle, what is the most likely explanation?
A) Failure of progesterone secretion (anovulation)
A 47-year-old woman presents with a red, scaly, eczematous area of skin on her breast just lateral to the areola. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Paget disease of the breast
Question: A 25-year-old obese woman presents with irregular periods and infertility. Her labs show a high LH level and signs of insulin resistance. What is the most likely diagnosis?
C) PCOS
B) Virilisation
Question: Which paired ligaments extend from the anterior cervix, wrap around the bladder, and attach to the pubis?
A) Pubocervical ligaments
Question: In the feedback loop of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the hormone inhibin provides negative feedback to specifically decrease the release of which hormone?
C) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
A patient sustained a traumatic blow to her breast and a month later feels a persistent, firm lump where the bruise was. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Fat necrosis
Question: What is the first-line treatment for a patient diagnosed with Syphilis (Treponema pallidum), which classically presents as a painless chancre?