Electrolytes
Where does ammonia play its most important role as a base buffer?
Kidney
Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys is governed mainly by the level of what hormone?
Sodium reabsorption in the kidneys is governed mainly by the level of aldosterone, which is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Obesity is defined as a BMI over what value?
Obesity is defined as a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 in the adult and greater than the ninety-fifth percentile in boys and girls aged 2 to 20 years.
A decrease in airflow of at least 30% for at least 10 seconds accompanied by arterial oxygen desaturation of ≥ 3% to 4% and markers of inspiratory effort such as snoring generally refers to:
obstructive hypopnea.
One subtype of sleep-disordered breathing that combines obesity, hypersomnolence, hypercapnia, increased RBCs, and cor pulmonale is:
Pickwickian syndrome.
Which of the following are major extracellular electrolytes?
Sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl–), and bicarbonate (HCO3–) are the predominant extracellular electrolytes.
What is a normal range for serum Cl–?
Normal serum levels of chloride (Cl–) range between 98 and 106 mEq/L.
What does the RQ represent?
The second step in metabolic assessment is to interpret the RQ. The RQ is the ratio of moles of CO2 expired to moles of O2 consumed.
A neurologic disorder associated with severe, excessive daytime sleepiness is:
narcolepsy.
Severity levels of obstructive sleep apnea in adults may be determined by:
the apnea–hypopnea index or respiratory disturbance index events per hour.
Water can be lost from the body through what organ systems?
Water may be lost from the body through the skin, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.
Which patients are prone to K+ depletion and hypokalemia?
Patients who have undergone surgery, have sustained trauma, or have renal disease often have greater K+ losses.
What percent of the patient's caloric intake should come from fat in most circumstances?
20% to 30%
Auto-titrating CPAP and adaptive servo-ventilation provide alternatives to traditional:
CPAP.
With respect to positive airway pressure in the treatment of OSA, low education level, low income status, and lack of health insurance are all:
socioeconomic barriers to adherence.
What is the average urine output in a healthy adult?
1000 to 1200 ml/day
Clinical signs of hypokalemia would include which of the following?
Symptoms of hypokalemia include: muscle weakness, paralysis, ECG abnormalities, supraventricular arrhythmias, circulatory failure, and cardiac arrest.
Which of the following complications is least likely to influence creatinine excretion?
Hypoxemia
Cessation of airflow with no inspiratory efforts followed by inspiratory efforts most likely refers to:
mixed apnea.
Sleep in adults is composed of two distinct physiological states. These are:
REM and NREM.
The alveolar interstitial region of the lungs remains relatively “dry” primarily because of
low capillary hydrostatic pressure.
What are normal values for serum Mg2+?
1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L
Your patient is reported to be cachexic. Which of the following physical findings would support this statement?
Patients with persistent malnutrition will often appear very thin to the point that their ribs and bony structures of the chest are very visible. The patient is said to be cachexic in such cases.
During adult sleep, normally the non-REM phase precedes the REM phase, and the two phases repeat in a cycle:
every 90 minutes.
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