RESEARCH BASICS
This section introduces the topic and gives background.
INTRODUCTION
This section directly answers research questions using analyzed data.
RESULTS
A graph that shows trends over time.
Line Graph
How should the findings be presented in the summary of findings?
The findings should be presented by stating each Statement of the Problem (SOP) followed by its corresponding findings.
What citation format is commonly used in research studies in psychology, education, and other social sciences?
APA (American Psychological Association) format.
It predicts the relationship between variables and must be testable.
HYPOTHESIS
This explains why the study matters and who benefits.
Significance of the Study
These are added below tables to explain specific details.
Footnotes
What happens when citations are included in the summary of findings?
Including citations in the summary of findings leads to focus derailment because the section should only present the study’s results.
A student writes a citation as “(Blanchett, 2022)” at the end of a sentence. What type of citation is this?
It is a parenthetical citation.
This part explains how the study was conducted, including tools and participants.
This narrows a broad topic into specific research questions.
Statement of the Problem
Data shown as estimated values instead of exact numbers.
Approximation
Using “must” or “should” strongly in recommendations violates this tone.
Professional, Suggestive Tone
A researcher uses only 10 respondents in a nationwide study. What issue may arise from this in terms of research principles?
The study may have low generalizability because the sample size is too small.
(Generalizability is the extent to which research findings, data, or conclusions from a specific study or sample can be applied, transferred, and deemed valid for a larger population, different settings, or broader contexts.)
This defines key terms based on how they are used in the study—not just dictionary meanings.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
This anchors the study on theories and related literature.
Theoretical Framework
A visual representation using icons instead of bars.
Pictograph
This kind of writing includes unnecessary details and becomes unfocused.
Rambling
Phenomenology belongs to this type of research.
Qualitative Research
This model explains how inputs are transformed through a process to produce outcomes in a study.
Input-Process-Output (IPO) model
Why must the conclusions be directly based on the results and aligned with the research questions?
Conclusions must be based on results and aligned with research questions to ensure the study remains valid, focused, and supported by data—not personal opinions.
Why is exaggerating results—even slightly—a major research violation?
Because it compromises objectivity and validity of the study.
Why should recommendations identify both actions AND stakeholders?
To ensure applicability and accountability of the research findings
Why can a study NOT accept both null and alternative hypotheses at the same time?
Because they are mutually exclusive; only one can be supported by the data.