Research and Program Evaluation

Threats/Errors

100

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to.001, then a. alpha and beta errors will increase. b. alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease. c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase. d. This will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors.

c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase.

200

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will a. confound the experiment in nearly every case. b. raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors. c. have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors. d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

300

)A Type I error occurs when a. you have a beta error. b. you accept null when it is false. c. you reject null when it is true. d. you fail to use a test of significance.

c. you reject null when it is true.

400

An experiment is said to be confounded when a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment. b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment. c. basic research is used in place of applied research. d. the sample is random.

undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.

500

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment a. is parsimonious. b. is an example of Occam’s Razor. c. is confounded/flawed. d. is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling.

c. is confounded/flawed.

Statistics

100

To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would a. consult the mode. b. consult a table for t values. c. consult a table for F values. d. compute the chi-square.

c. consult a table for F values.

200

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize a. the student’s t test. b. a correlation coefficient. c. a survey. d. an analysis of variance or ANOVA.

a. the student’s t test.

300

P = .05 really means that a. five subjects were not included in the study. b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors. c. the level of significance is .01. d. no level of significance has been set.

b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.

400

In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually a. .05 or less. b. 1.0 or higher. c. .0001 or less. d. 5.0. .05 and .01 are the two most popular levels of significance.

a. .05 or less.

500

When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means a. portion. b. population parameter. c. probability. d. the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach.

c. probability.

Grab Bag

100

From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need a. a correlation coefficient b. only descriptive statistics. c. percentile rank. d. a test of significance.

d. a test of significance.

200

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of a. Hoppock. b. Freud. c. Lloyd Morgan. d. R. A. Fisher.

d. R. A. Fisher.

300

Occam’s Razor suggests that experimenters a. interpret the results in the simplest manner. b. interpret the results in the most complex manner. c. interpret the results using a correlation coeffi cient. d. interpret the results using a clinical interview.

a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.

400

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00? a. IQ and salary. b. ICD diagnosis and salary. c. length in inches and length in centimeters. d. height and weight.

c. length in inches and length in centimeters.

500

In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a a. double-blind study. b. single-blind study. c. baseline for an intensive N=1 design. d. participant observer model.

b. single-blind study.

Definitions

100

The median is a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest. b. the arithmetic average. c. the most frequent value obtained. d. never more useful than the mean.

What is the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest. (a)

200

Regardless of the shape, the _______ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically. a. Df. b. Mean. c. median. d. Mode.

What is the mode? (d)

300

Nine of the world’s fi nest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be a. a bell-shaped curve. b. positively skewed. c. negatively skewed. d. more information would be necessary.

What is negatively skewed? (c)

400

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment a. is impacted by the observer effect. b. is said to be a naturalistic observation. c. is the result of ethological observation. d. is said to be reliable.

What is reliable? (d)

500

The paradigm characterized most by the notion that with enough research we can gain knowledge of a universal truth is a. interpretivism. b. post-positivism. c. positivism. d. critical.

What is positivism? (c)

Type/Designs of Research

100

Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children’s behavior. In this approach a. the researcher manipulates the IV. b. the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV. c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables. d. the researcher will rely on a 2×3 factorial design

What is the researcher does not manipulate control variables? (c)

200

Standardized tests always have a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring. b. a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. c. a mean of 100 and a standard error of measurement of 3. d. a reliability coefficient of +.90 or above.

What is formal procedures for test administration and scoring? (a)

300

Which of the following research designs requires random assignment? a. Pre-experimental b. True experimental c. Quasi-experimental d. Single subject

What is a true experiment? (b)

400

The question “How do students differ in their degree of involvement in college activities?” would be addressed best by a ________ design. a. causal-comparative b. correlational c. comparative d. longitudinal

What is comparative? (c)

500

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that a. she absolutely, positively cannot run a true experiment. b. her research will absolutely, positively be casual comparative research. c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling. d. her research will be correlational.

What is she could accomplish this using systematic sampling? (c)