Stats
This statistical test compares how three or more groups of participants perform on different levels of one independent variable.
What is a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
This threat to internal validity is caused by participants systematically withdrawing from the study.
What is attrition?
A researcher who evaluates a new course technique in K-12 schools to understand its effectiveness compared to other similar programs is engaging in this broad category of research.
What is applied research?
This quality of a good scientist requires that a researcher question any claim presented without evidence.
What is skepticism?
A bivariate correlational design can establish covariance of cause and effect, but it cannot rule out the possibility of a third variable that causes changes in both variables, also known as this type of association.
What is covariance of cause and effect?
This statistical test compares two levels of the same variable when participants are exposed to all conditions.
What is a paired-samples t test?
In this between-subjects design technique, the researcher finds two or more participants who are equivalent on a given measure and assigns each of them to a different level of the independent variable.
What is a matched pairs/matched groups design?
In this type of study, a researcher examines a single group of participants on one or more variables across the lifespan.
What is a longitudinal design?
To make a claim, scientists must first establish that two variables actually vary together and that they haven't imagined a relationship between them, also known as this. effect.
What is known as the illusory correlation?
This broad sampling category includes any variations of random sampling that ensure all people in a population have an equal likelihood of being selected.
What is probability sampling?
This statistic estimates the standardized distance between the means of a dependent variable under two different conditions.
What is Cohen's d?
This requirement of causality demands that a change in in the independent variable must occur prior to an associated change in the dependent variable.
What is temporal precedence?
This type of design examines groups of participants at different ages at the same point in time.
What is a cross-sectional design?
Scientists use this technique of systematic, rigorous testing and observation to make claims with limits on the effects of personal biases.
What is empiricism/empirical research?
In this type of survey question, participants are asked to rate their agreement with a statement on a scale of 1 to 5 (or another scale of numbers).
What is a Likert scale?
This statistic tells us the likelihood of finding a a given result if there is actually no effect.
What is a p value?
When we use measures that have too low of a "cap", we limit our ability to detect meaningful differences between conditions, also known as this effect.
What is a ceiling effect?
In this research design, participants are only exposed to one level of at least one independent variable and all levels of at least one other independent variable.
What is a mixed/synthesis design?
One potential pitfall of using personal perspective is the belief that our own performance is superior to others, also known as this effect.
What is the better-than-average effect?
Participants may not be sure how to answer when they are asked to provide two separate opinions in one question, also known as this survey pitfall.
What is a double-barreled question?
This statistical test is used to determine if an independent variable results in different frequencies of a categorical outcome.
What is a chi-square test?
This counterbalancing technique presents a limited number of orders of levels of the independent variable, where each order is as different from the other orders as possible.
What is a Latin square design?
In this design, a researcher takes preexisting groups of participants that differ on an important variable that the researcher cannot manipulate, but are otherwise matched as closely as possible.
What is a nonequivalent control groups design?
This flawed system may use "science-y" terminology and seemingly plausible claims to sound legitimate, but is instead the result of biases in human judgment and may ignore falsifying evidence.
What is pseudoscience?
In observational studies, participants may act differently than they normally do (without regard to desirability) solely because they are being observed, also known as this.
What is reactivity?