Fundamentals of Design
The first step in designing a research project is...
Developing a Research Question
If X and Y are associated with one another, they are said to have which criterion for causality?
Correlation/Association
Groups, Organizations, and Individuals are examples of...
Unit(s) of analysis
Theoretical variables that aren't directly observed and have no intrinsic meaning, only the meaning we choose to give to them?
Constructs
Including all possible options of attributes for a given variable is called...
exhaustive/exhaustiveness
The function of empirical social science is what?
Explanation/Explanatory
Another name for the "presumed cause"
X/predictor/predictor variable/independent variable
A general study design where the same data are collected over time
Longitudinal
How many "lower aspects" or "categories" of a construct can we have?
No number/Infinite/"The limit does NOT exist"
Ensuring that a participant cannot answer more than one relevant option is called being...
mutually exclusive
The type of explanatory research that lists all of the specific "causes" of a particular event or observation
Idiographic
The criterion of causality where X happens or takes place before Y
X precedes Y
A type of study where a group of observations collected at only one point in time, from a slice of the population
Cross-sectional
For each construct, we have aspects, as well as direct observations of that construct. What are the direct observations called?
Indicators
What is the most sophisticated level of measurement?
interval-ratio
A type of theory or explanation that identifies one or a few "causal" factors that impact an event or observation
Nomothetic
The third criterion for causality in the social sciences: that the association/correlation/relationship between X and Y cannot be the result of some other unmeasured variable.
Non-spurious/Non-spuriousness
How does a panel study differ from other kinds of studies?
the same people are studied over time
If racism is a construct, what would we call an aspect of that construct, such as institutional racism?
Dimension
If your question adequately measures the thing it is supposed to measure, we call it a ________ measure
valid