Research 101
_____ is the process by which scientists with expertise in a particular field assess a study before it is published in a top-quality scientific journal.
What is peer-review?
The process of explaining the research and asking whether individuals agree to participate in it.
What is informed consent?
Drawing this kind of sample of people means everyone has the same chance of being chosen for the study.
What is a probability sample?
The group in a study that does not receive treatment.
What is the control group?
Experiencing a life-changing event is this type of threat to validity.
What is history?
This type of study is used to study a group of people over a long period of time.
What is a longitudinal study?
In this study, “subjects were observed to sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan, and dig their fingernails into their flesh…." but very few of them refused to participate in the study.
What is Milgram's obedience to authority study?
Measurement scale that lacks numeric properties.
What is nominal/categorical?
This type of research can best establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
What is an experiment?
This threat to validity occurs when a sample is unlike the population from which it was drawn.
What is selection bias?
Fake science in which scientific terms and demonstrations are used to substantiate claims that have no basis in scientific research.
What is pseudoscience?
“Treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy”
What is respect for persons?
A sample in which the participants are proportionate representatives of the population.
What is quota sampling?
"The values in the independent variable and the values in the dependent variable move together in a pattern"
What is correlation?
This problem often occurs in studies that involve multiple periods of data collection or tracking people over time and are likely to lose participants.
What is attrition?
A predisposition to a certain view.
What is bias?
“Minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits”
What is beneficence?
Education level (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) is an example of this level of measurement.
What is ordinal level?
The variation in the independent variable occurs before the variation in the dependent variable.
What is temporal order?
This happens when a researcher is unable to determine whether the results obtained are due to one or more treatments that overlapped.
What is multiple treatment interference?
Non-numerical data.
What is qualitative data?
“Distributing benefits and risks of research fairly”
What is justice in research?
Type of data that has a "true zero."
What is ratio?
Relationship among variables in which it appears that two variables are related to one another but instead a third variable is the causal factor.
What is non-spuriousness?
This happens when participants gain knowledge about the topic being studied simply by being exposed to the pretest instrument.
What is testing effect?