Aims,
Hypotheses, Variables, Sampling
Hypotheses, Variables, Sampling
Which variable does a researcher manipulate into 2 or more levels?
The independent variable
Which types of experiments have an IV, a DV and controls?
lab experiments and field experiments
When does a debrief occur?
At the end of a study
What are the different questionnaire techniques?
Pen and paper / online / postal
What is the difference between measures of spread and measures of central tendency?
Central tendency = average, typical value. Mean, median, mode.
Spread = variation of the values. Range, standard deviation.
Which sampling method requires an advert?
Volunteer (self-selected) sampling
How would you limit participant variables in an independent measures design?
Random allocation to IV levels - a way to divide participants between levels of the independent variable such that any participant has an equal chance of being in any condition
What age do participants have to be to give informed consent for themselves?
16 or older
Detailed data is...
Qualitative data
A relationship between two co-variables where as one increases, one decreases is called...
A negative correlation
A hypothesis that predicts that there will be no difference/correlation or that any difference is due to chance only
Having different groups of participants do the conditions in different orders - used in a repeated measures design
What is an aversive stimuli?
things (present) that the animal does not like / is afraid of / that hurt, e.g. electric shocks, loud noises
What is question format?
Open questions or closed questions
Categorical data should be presented on
A bar chart
Define: uncontrolled variables
Any variables that can affect the DV (other than the IV)
What is matched pairs design?
A way of using participants in a study so that each level of the IV contains similar individuals that were pre-matched (on specific variables) then each allocated to one level of the IV only.
Participant's data not being linked to their names is...
Confidentiality
Define: triangulation
Using several different data collection methods to collect the same DV, increases validity
Define: Longitudinal study
A study collecting data from the same group of participants over more than one point in time
Features of the setting which indicate the aim / change the participants’ responses
How could you increase reliability in structured observation?
Two researchers agree on behavioural categories before observing
Use CCTV to check
Define: replacement [animal ethic]
Replace animal experiments with alternatives where possible
Define: subjective data
Data that is affected by personal bias / subjective interpretation
Define: standard deviation
A measure of spread calculated by finding the average difference between each data point and the mean of the data set