Research Basics
Systematic and objective investigation as carried out by identifying a problem, stating a hypothesis or guiding question and collecting primary data
What is Research?
A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, or an ineffective treatment
What is a Control Group?
This is a smaller group selected from a population to participate in a research study and provide data that may be used to represent the larger population
What is a Sample?
This pertains to the average of the sum of squares
What is Variance?
Participants must agree to participating in research and be aware of what the research entails
What is Informed Consent?
This document provides a structured overview of existing studies relevant to a research topic
What is Literature Review?
The variable that we record the outcome of
What is a Dependent Variable?
Temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius is considered to be this type of data
What is Interval Data?
A statistical assumption that there is no significant difference, relationship, or effect between two measured variables or groups
What is Null Hypothesis?
Derived from the Latin maxim primum non nocere, it establishes an obligation not to intentionally inflict unnecessary pain, suffering, or injury upon a patient or individual
What is Non-Maleficence?
The specific description of the way in which a construct is presented or measured in the study
What is Operational Definition?
This research method involves collecting information from participants by asking a standardized set of questions about their attitudes, behaviors, experiences, or characteristics
What is a Survey?
This phenomenon occurs when participants know they are being studied and, as a result, may change their behavior or act differently from how they normally would
What is Hawthorne Effect?
Data wherein the key characteristics include a mean that is lower than the median, and a median that is lower than the mode
What is a Negatively-skewed Data?
This committee independently reviews research involving human participants to ensure their rights, safety, welfare, and ethical interests are protected.
What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
This logical process begins with general principles or theories and uses them to arrive at a specific conclusion
What is Deductive Reasoning?
This research design is used when a researcher wants to determine whether administering a pre-test influences the results of the study
What is the Solomon Four-group Design?
A principal investigator wanted to understand the quality of life of women with sexual violence-related pregnancies, this is the best sampling technique to be used
What is Snowball Sampling?
This statistical test is used to determine whether there is a significant association between two categorical variables by comparing the observed and expected frequencies
What is a Pearson's Chi-Square Test?
This ethical principle is being violated when a researcher excludes participants from a study solely because they belong to a particular social or demographic group, even though the exclusion is unrelated to the research question or risk
What is Justice?
A research paradigm where reality is renegotiated, debated and interpreted, usually utilizes mixed methods
What is Pragmatist?
This refers to the process where concepts are confirmed using more than one source of data, more than one data collection method, or more than one set of researchers
What is Triangulation?
This is the type of sampling used in this scenario: Investigators studied the views of parents regarding access to childcare from their public health centers. Study sampling was done for six months. For each month, a sample of barangays in Metro Manila was selected at random. Within each barangay, a sample of private households was chosen at random. All parents of the household were selected to be participants of the survey.
What is Two-Stage Cluster Random Sampling?
This statistical test compares the means of two related measurements—such as pre-test and post-test scores from the same participants
What is Paired T-test?
Before conducting a clinical study involving human participants, researchers must prioritize the participants' health, rights, safety, and well-being over the interests of science and society, and this international ethical framework provides guidance for such research
What is the Declaration of Helsinki?