Research Methods
Which Research Method Establishes Cause and Effect?
Experiments
What are 3 sampling methods?
1. Volunteer sampling
2. Opportunity sampling
3. Random sampling
What is the benefit of a field study?
increased realism / higher ecological validity
Define validity in psych research
Did the study measure what it claims it measured?
Before a study begin researchers should obtain ______ _______ from participants
Informed consent
Why use a survey?
To gather large amounts of data from a large sample quickly
What is informed consent?
Knowing enough about a study to decide whether you want to agree to participate.
A study with many participants, who are part of a random sample has high ______________
Generalizability
Explain what is meant by reliability in research.
Reliability refers to consistency of results and replicability
This ethical guideline can be broken even by just making someone feel uncomfortable for a bit
Protection from Harm / Minimizing Harm
Mr Parker records the number of times a student raises their hand during a 30‑minute class session without interfering with the student’s behavior.
What type of research method is this?
Observation
What are 2 types of self-reports?
1. Questionnaire
2. Interview
Why can a volunteer sample be a weakness?
Volunteers are likely a biased sample as only a specific type of person would volunteer (weirdos)
What is ecological validity?
How much a study's conditions reflect and can predict real life
Not revealing a participant's name is __________ while letting participants choose what details they share during a study is ____________
Confidentiality ; Privacy
What research method is when a single person or small group in a unique circumstance are being studied ?
Case Study
A study has the hypothesis "Eating an entire pizza with cause a child to run faster"
What kind of hypothesis is this?
Directional or One Tailed Hypothesis
What is a strength of Quantitative Data?
Reduces potential bias
Is more objective
Makes for easy comparison/analysis
Replicability means what? and what about a study does it improve?
The ability for a study to be replicated // reliability
This is a participant's ability to exit a study at any time if they so wish
Right to Withdraw
List the 4 choices that can be made about an observation in this format
________ vs ________
________ vs ________
________ vs ________
________ vs ________
Covert vs Overt
Participant vs NonParticipant
Structured vs Unstructured
Naturalistic vs Controlled
What are the 3 experimental designs?
1. Independent measures
2. Repeated measures
3. Matched pairs
List one strength and one weakness of Repeated Measures design
Strengths:
Fewer participants needed OR Less participant variables
Weaknesses:
Order effects possible OR demand characteristics
What is Internal Validity?
How much a study isolates a behavior and establishes cause and effect
This NEVER happens in Psych Research
Deception