Experimental Design
In an experiment, this variable is manipulated by the researcher.
What is the independent variable?
A variable defined in terms of the procedures used to measure or manipulate it is said to have this type of definition.
What is an operational definition?
This type of validity refers to whether the results of a study apply to real-world settings.
What is external validity?
This type of study involves observing variables as they naturally occur, without manipulation.
What is a correlational study?
This is the process of selecting individuals from a population to participate in a study.
What is sampling?
This variable is the outcome being measured in an experiment.
What is the dependent variable?
The unintended influence of experimenters on participant behavior is known as this.
What are expectancy effects?
This term describes the phenomenon where participants alter their behavior due to awareness of being observed.
What is reactivity?
When participants are assigned to conditions based on existing characteristics, this is the study design.
What is a quasi-experimental design?
A sample that does not represent the population introduces this kind of bias.
What is sampling bias?
This method assigns participants to groups to reduce bias and increase validity.
What is random assignment?
This type of variable represents potential extraneous influences that researchers aim to control.
What is a confounding variable?
A study with a small sample that does not represent the population has compromised this form of validity.
What is population validity?
This effect describes a participant’s tendency to behave differently simply because they know they are in a study.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
This type of sample gives every individual in the population an equal chance of being selected.
What is a random sample?
This design helps control for order effects by varying the sequence of conditions for participants.
What is counterbalancing?
A quantitative scale of measurement that has equal intervals between points and a true zero
What is a ratio scale?
This effect occurs when people score extremely high or low on a pretest and then perform closer to the average on subsequent tests.
What is regression to the mean?
A threat to validity caused by events occurring between the pretest and posttest that affect results.
What is the history effect?
This type of reliability ensures consistency of a measure over time.
What is test-retest reliability?
When participants or experimenters are unaware of group assignments, this type of procedure is in place.
What is a double-blind procedure?
If a researcher fails to operationalize variables effectively, this problem may arise.
What is poor construct validity?
This occurs when a participant's performance changes due to repeated testing.
What is the testing effect?
This occurs when the effects of earlier conditions influence responses to later conditions in repeated measures designs.
What are carryover effects?
A researcher uses this method to observe and record behavior in natural settings without interference.
What is naturalistic observation?