Causal Claims & Validity
The three criteria a causal claim must meet
What is temporal precedence, covariance, and internal validity?
In an experiment, this is the variable that is measured
What is the dependent variable?
When people drop out of a study in a non-random way
What is attrition?
How a study with two independent variables each with two levels is notated
What is a 2x2 factorial design?
A study that repeats an experiment exactly
What is a direct replication?
Random assignment enhances this type of validity
What is internal validity?
Dr. Mackintosh pairing participants based on IQ before assigning them randomly to groups, is an example of this type of design
What is a matched-groups design?
When participants improve simply because time has passed, not because of the manipulation
What is maturation threat?
A difference in differences is the mathematical way to describe this
What is an interaction?
What problem does contacting researchers about unpublished studies address in a meta-analysis
What is the file drawer problem?
Random selection is critical for this type of validity
What is external validity?
A study where each participant is exposed to all conditions
What is a within-groups design?
When an outside event affects only one group during a study
What is a selection-history threat?
In a graph where one line is flat and one rises steeply
What is a spreading interaction?
In quasi-experiments, researchers give up ____ validity to gain ____ validity.
What is internal; external?
When a research tests the DV before and after the IV
What is a pretest/posttest design?
Dr. Lonsbary's experiment serves hot, cold, and medium temperature coffee to test taste perception. How many levels are there in the IV?
What is three (hot, cold, medium)
One study design to control for observer bias so the researchers and participants don't know which condition they are in
What is a double-blind study?
If Dr. Singh added a 3rd variable to her 2x2 design, what would the design become?
What is a 2x2x3 factorial design?
tudying a patient with a rare brain condition is an example of this design
Two ways a research can check their manipulation, one during and one before their experiment.
What is a manipulation check and pilot study?
Presenting conditions in different orders to control for order effects in a within-group experiment
What is counterbalancing?
A weak manipulation could result in this kind of result
What is a null effect?
Why are factorial designs valuable for theory testing?
because they allow you to test nuanced interactions between variables, test limits, and test theories
when we ignore statistical probabilities in favor of vivid examples
what is base rate neglest?