Psychometrics
True or False: Blood pressure, happiness, and motivation are examples of constructs.
What is False?
A study conducted in the field (versus a lab) usually results in increased ______ validity.
What is External?
A researcher obtains the following result in his study on self-reported time on social media and actual time spent on social media: Pearson’s r = .787, p <.001. Based on these results, you can determine that there was a _____ ______ relationship between variables.
What is significant/strong positive?
A chi square test is used to examine differences between this type of data.
What are frequencies or proportions (OR categorical data)?
In this research design, the researcher can't control which people go into each group and cannot ensure that the groups are equivalent.
What is nonequivalent group design?
Letter grades given at the end of the term are an example of ____ measurements; calculated GPA’s are a type of ______ measurement.
What is ordinal and ratio?
When the sample has the same characteristics as the target population, it is said to be a ______ sample.
What is representative?
The actual magnitude of statistical differences.
What is Effect size?
Tyler Vigen has a website that shows the relations between different variables. For this particular graph, Mr. Vigen shows the relation between the number of deaths by falling in a pool and the number of films that Nicholas Cage appeared in each year (1999-2009). What is the most appropriate statistic for measuring this relation?
What is Pearson correlation?
A researcher records participants’ weights every Friday for three weeks prior to administering a diet education program, and for three weeks following the program. This study is an example of a _______.
What is a time series design?
A measure an be _____ without being _____.
What is reliable and valid?
What type of sampling will most likely result in sampling bias? Hint: This is the most common sampling strategy used in psychological research studies.
What is convenience sampling?
A researcher reports an inverse relationship between weight and exercise level for a group of 8-year-old children (greater weight is associated with less exercise). However, the researcher cannot be sure whether the extra weight is preventing the children from exercising or whether the lack of exercise is leading to greater weight. This is an example of the ______.
What is the directionality problem?
A single sample t-test was used to see if a college ski team skied faster than skiers at a popular ski resort.
The resulting statistic was t (23) = -7.13, p<.05. What should we conclude?
What is ...
The sample mean of college skiers was significantly different from the mean of skiers at a popular ski resort.
A researcher studies language development by selecting a sample of 2-year-old children and giving them a language skill test. Each year for the next two years, the children are brought back and tested again. The researcher plans to compare the children’s scores at age two, age three, and age four. This study is an example of ________.
What is a longitudinal developmental design?
A researcher elects to measure adolescent delinquency using self-report, teacher report, and parent report, with each reporting on delinquency of the participant. To the extent that these measures are highly related is an indication of _______ _______.
What is inter-rater reliability?
A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, this sampling technique should be used.
What is quota sampling?
Nonparametric statistical tests use ____ or _____ data whereas parametric statistical tests use ____ or ___ data.
What is ordinal or nominal; ratio or interval
A researcher conducted a study investigating the relation between daily exercise and mood and is discussing the results at a conference. In her talk, the researcher states that she, “rejected the null hypothesis.” Based on this, you can infer:
What is ...
There is a relation between daily exercise and mood.
When studying variables that are difficult to manipulate because of ethical considerations (e.g., child abuse experience, domestic violence exposure, gender), it is best to use a _______ design.
What is quasi-experimental?
______ validity is demonstrated when scores obtained from a new measure are directly related to scores from an established measure of the same variable. Whereas, _____ validity is demonstrated by a strong relationship between scores obtained from two different methods of measuring the same variable.
What is concurrent and convergent?
A researcher is conducting a study in which the same group of individuals participates in a series of treatment conditions that are designed to boost immune health over several weeks. A flu outbreak that occurs in the middle of the study would be an example of a ____ effect, which is a threat to ______.
What is history and internal validity?
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) differs from a t test for two independent samples because _______.
What is the t-test is limited to 2 samples and the ANOVA can handle multiple samples?
Imagine that you have run a study in which new parents either complete a brief training program for parental skills or do not enroll in such a program. You would like to see if parents in these two groups differ on self-reported stress related to parenting (as a continuous variable) at the end of the first six months. Which statistical test would you use?
What is independent measures t test?
A researcher introduces a new mathematics program in one school district and uses a neighboring district as a no-treatment control group. Before the program begins, the students in both districts are given a standardized mathematics test. After the program is in place for 6 months, the students are tested again and the researcher compares the before and after scores for the two groups. This research study is classified as this type of design.
What is quasi-experiemental?