Sampling methods
Data types
Study designs
Measuring variables
Considerations
100

This is the best, ideal type of sampling! Everyone in your population has an equal probability of being in your study. 

What is a random sample?

100

The data is eventually presented in numbers.

What is quantitative data?

100
Also called a Randomized Control Trial, this is the only type of study that can demonstrate causality.

What is an experiment?

100

Likert scales are an example of this common type of operationalization. It's potentially subject to social desirability biases, but very cheap/easy to collect. 

What is self-report?

100
This describes whether the results of my study might also apply to other samples/populations, beyond the participants who I actually recruited. 

What is generalizability?

200

This is the most common type of sample, by far. Examples would include the SONA undergraduate pool, or advertising your study on Facebook. 

What is a convenience sample?

200

The data is presented in words only (no numbers), and may be aggregated by theme or use quotes.

What is qualitative data?

200

This common type of study cannot demonstrate causality, but is used to show relationships between different variables.

What is a correlational study?

200

Instead of asking about people's feelings or thoughts, this operationalization involves watching or recording people's actions. 

What is a behavioural measure? (Or an observational measure/observation)

200
This consideration came to the forefront in psychology after 2012, when researchers re-did published studies and found that they didn't find the same results. 

What is replicability?

300
In this type of sample, we intentionally make sure that our sample accurately reflects the population and is matched on characteristics like age, gender, and ethnicity. 

What is a representative sample? (Or, what is a stratified sample?)

300

The final product includes both numeric and thematic analyses.

What are mixed methods?

300
Data is collected across time, perhaps days, weeks, or even years apart. While it cannot demonstrate causality, sometimes it can show the time-course of two or more variables. 

What is a longitudinal study?

300

If you have fancy equipment (like an EEG, fMRI, or EMG or a freezer to store hormone samples), you might be able to record this type of data.

What is physiological data?

300

This is a potential problem in correlational studies, where a relationship between two variables (like crime rates and ice cream sales) are found to actually be due to something else entirely. 

What is a "third variable problem"? Or what is a "confounding variable"?

400

In this uncommon sampling method, initial participants refer other potential participants to the researcher, who then recruit more people from their social networks. This method is useful for reaching hidden or hard-to-find populations

What is a snowball sample?
400
In this study, all existing previous research studies on a topic are collected, aggregated, and statistically analyzed together. 

What is a meta-analysis?

400

Also called "ambulatory assessment", this type of study involves asking people to complete questions or tasks multiple times a day. 

What is experience-sampling? (Or, what is a "daily diary" study?)

400

Instead of asking someone to report on themself, a researcher could ask someone to report on their roommate/friend/mother/etc. 

What is other-report?

400

This describes whether the results from an experiment reflect something true about the world, even outside of the lab. If everything is too artificial, this could be a problem. 

What is ecological validity?

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