Ethics
An example of a study that prompted the formation of the APA Ethical Standards
What are the Stanford Prison Experiment, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, or Milgram's Obedience Study?
What happens when respondents don't want to choose a side on a controversial issue
What is fence-sitting?
A participant's ________ is the value for that participant on a particular variable.
What is score?
This type of observational research requires the researcher to not interfere with the environment.
What is unobtrusive observation?
What is r?
The principle that recommends researchers 'do good' and 'do no harm'
What is Beneficence and Non-Maleficence?
What is an open-ended question?
This type of measure uses biological data (e.g., fMRI scans) to make inferences about psychological phenomena
What is a physiological measure?
This type of study design gathers a lot of data from only a few participants
What is case study or small-n designs or cohort study
The type of correlation that refers to two variables that change in different directions.
What is a negative correlation?
The ethical principle that requires researchers to obtain informed consent from all participants in a psychological study.
What is Respect for Autonomy?
A "yes or no" question is an example of this type of survey question
What is forced-choice?
The degree to which we can depend on the consistency or stability of a measure is called this.
What is reliability?
This is the improvement of participant performance due to the fact that they know they are being observed.
What is reactivity?
A possible correlation coefficient for a weak, positive correlation
What is r
<=.20?
One type of deception used in research that involves purposely misinforming participants about certain aspects of a study.
What is active deception?
This type of survey question has anchors at each end of the scale chosen by the researcher. For example, 1=not very often and 7=extremely often
What is semantic differential format?
Cronbach's alpha is a measure of this type of reliability, which refers to the degree to which the items of a survey measure the same construct.
What is internal consistency?
Observer bias and vague operationalizations can threaten this type of validity.
What is construct validity?
The sign in front of a correlation represents the ______ of the relationship.
What is direction?
Confidentiality and Anonymity are two important aspects of this ethical principle.
What is Trust?
The phenomenon that occurs when respondents answer in a socially desirable way so as to seem better than they are.
What is faking good?
The degree of agreement between two coders.
What is interrater reliability?
Rosenhan's (1973) study where he sent 8 people into a psychiatric institution pretending to have hallucinations is an example of this type of observational study
What is participant observation?
These are the two problems that interfere with being able to claim causation from a correlational finding.
What is the directionality problem and the third-variable problem?
An example of something a researcher might do to 'squeeze out' results in favor of their hypothesis
What is omitting outliers, omitting/tampering with certain surveys/measures, omitting studies, or p-hacking?
This flaw in a survey question refers to the fact that the researcher's opinion is made obvious.
What is a leading/loaded question?
Criterion-related validity includes concurrent validity and this type of validity, which refers to how well the measure correlates with future measures of performance.
What is predictive validity?
Two limitations of archival studies
What is:
-can't make causal inferences
-no control over data collection (imperfect operationalizations)
-reliability of sources
Give an example of two variables you think might be negatively correlated. (be prepared to explain it)
(As one variable increases, the other decreases.)