Research Methods
A prediction based on a theory which needs to be tested to confirm or refute.
What is a hypothesis?
The research concept is described in the video is..
What is reliability?
This designates participants to either a control or an experimental group via coin flip or number generator in order to minimize bias and increase chance of equal representation among groups.
What is random assignment?
A summary of how often different scores or values occur for a variable within a sample, usually illustrated by bar graphs (histograms) and tables.
What is frequency distribution?
In descriptive statistics, the mean, median and mode are measures of…
What are measures of central tendency?
This is calculated by dividing the number of actual participants by those in the entire sample
What is response rate?
A method used to combine and contrast results across multiple studies in a particular area (experimental & nonexperimental).
What is a Meta-analysis?
Research approach which uses both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.
What is mixed methods approach?
Effectiveness, Prevention, Risk/Prognosis, Assessment, Description are the five types of...
What are research questions?
This principle where researchers know the participants identities, but do not disclose identities to anyone outside the study.
What is confidentiality?
The positive relationship between ice cream and murder is what kind of relationship?
What is a spurious relationship?
Procedures to determine who/what and how many participants to study, in order to produce valid and generalizable results.
What are sampling procedures?
The type of research that maximizes internal validity.
What is efficacy research?
The extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure. (Ex: Face, construct, criterion, content)
What is validity?
A variable that is typically manipulated and is presumed to affect another variable.
What is an independent variable?
In a meta-analysis, this statistic calculates and measures the sizes of associations between variables or the sizes of differences between group means.
What is an effect size?
This refers to the p-value required in order to reject the null hypothesis and assume the alternative hypothesis is true. (p≤0.05, or p≤0.01)
What is level of significance?
Participants are selected because they are easily accessible. Easiest, cheapest, and less time consuming. (Ex: classmates, family members, friends, etc.)
What is convenience sampling?
A research design where the researcher evaluates the impact of administering and withdrawing the treatment to see if the treatment has an effect.
What is an ABA Reversal Design?
Would also accept ABAB Reversal Design.
Type of research expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood.
What is qualitative research?
This type of source can be considered both primary and secondary.
What is a meta-analysis?
Ensuring that the participant understands the purpose of the study, risks involved, time needed and that services will not be affected by participation.
What is informed consent?
A threat to internal validity where people drop out of a study due to death or other reason.
What is mortality?
A more cost effective and common sampling procedure, but samples are often not representative of population.
What is nonprobability sampling?
Evidence that the independent variable caused any observed change in the dependent variable.
What is causation?
How well the study can be generalized to the wider population.
What is external validity?
In an experiment, the group containing the subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable.
What is a control group?
The average amount of variability in your data set and the relation that set of scores has to the mean of the sample.
What is standard deviation?
This relates to whether the results of a study are of practical significance and have meaningful impact on clinical practices.
What is clinical significance?
Sampling technique that gathers samples, and allows everyone within the population an equal chance of being selected.
What is probability sampling?
Type of research design that uses coding systems to study the content of some form of recorded media or communication. (Ex: TV, movies, speeches, or publications, journals, etc.)
What is content analysis?
This research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable facts or results.
What is quantitative research?
These are the 5 "A's" of using evidence based practices.
What are Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Analyze/Adjust?
Revealing the true purpose & results after a study that may have influenced some potential for harm.
What is debriefing?
Used by researchers to minimize selection bias for a study. AKA the "gold standard" in experiments.
Randomized Control Trials (RCT)
Researchers ability to generalize their findings is primarily determined by it's.... chosen for the study.
What is sample population?
This concept describes variables that vary together in a predictable way, but do not guarantee evidence of causation.
Ex:
What is correlation?
The process by which a researcher decides how to measure the variables/construct as they are defined conceptually.
What is operationalizing the construct?
Type of hypothesis that is the opposite of the hypothesis being tested.
What is the null hypothesis?
This statistic represents the probability that the observed relationship in the sample could be due to sampling error. Typically set at ≤0.05
What is the P-value?
A bi-variate statistical test used to evaluate whether the mean scores across two or more groups are different.
What is ANOVA (analysis of variance)?
This occurs due to chance or random factors that may result in a sample not being 100% representative of the population.
What is sampling error?
A type of research that focuses on the processes that occur in therapy and how changes occurred.
What is process research?
A quantitative, experimental design with one dependent variable and two or more independent variables (factors). This allows researchers to test for main effects and interaction effects. (Ex: 3x2x2)
What is a factorial design?
This evidenced-based treatment is the most commonly used model across various populations, settings, and diagnoses.
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
Researchers must carefully consider the potential for this effect on their participants... can be physical or psychological in nature.
What is potential for harm?
A technique of using multiple sources, methods, or perspectives to cross-check and corroborate the validity of your data.
What is triangulation?
Research that maximizes external validity.
What is effectiveness research?
Theory, Supervision, Research, and Life and Clinical Experiences are sources of this type of knowledge..
What is clinical knowledge?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio are the four....
What are levels of measurement?
When researchers reject the null hypothesis and assume the alternative hypothesis is true (However, the relationship only exists due to an error in sampling/data).
What is a Type I Error?
Type of statistics which allow the researcher to infer generalizations about the population from the sample studiedd.
What is inferential statistics?
A multivariate statistical analysis that allows researchers to use more than one independent variable to predict a dependent variable. (Hint: multiple IVs)
What is multiple regression?
Type of sampling done when there is a small population size. The researcher starts with a specific target person, with hopes that they will put them in contact with other people to be studied.
Ex:
What is snowball sampling?
A type of research where individuals or relationships of different ages are studied at the same time to measure their similarities and/or differences. Also attempts to study how things change over time.
What is cross-sectional research?
Quantitative research uses surveys with closed-ended questions, whereas, qualitative research uses interviews with...
What is open-ended questions?
The three evidence-based treatment models for couples therapy.
What are Emotion-Focused Therapy, Gottman Method Couples Therapy, and Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy?
A group whose purpose is to ethically review that appropriate steps are taken to protect the rights and welfare of humans participating as subjects in research.
What is an Institutional Review Board?
A threat to validity where change may be due to participant reaction to the instruments.
What is testing reactivity?
When a research setting is significantly different from what would happen under normal circumstances, one can conclude this as a.....
What is threat to external validity?