Research methods 1
a testable statement predicting the relationship between variables.
What is a hypothesis?
it is conducted in a controlled environment where variables can be manipulated.
What is a laboratory experiment?
statistical measures that describe the center of a data set, including mean, median, and mode.
What are measures of central tendency?
a selection of individuals from a population where each individual has an equal chance of being chosen.
What is a random sample?
_________ interviews have a set format with predetermined questions, while ___________ interviews are more flexible and conversational.
What are structured, unstructured?
as one variable increases, the other decreases.
What is a negative correlation?
involves different participants being used in each condition of an experiment.
What is an independent measures design?
the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.
Define the term "range" as a measure of spread.
involves selecting individuals who are readily available at the time of the study.
What is an opportunity sample?
a research instrument consisting of a series of questions used to gather information from respondents.
What is a questionnaire?
includes an independent variable (the one manipulated) and a dependent variable (the one measured).
What is an experiment?
consistency of results, control of extraneous variables, and standardization of procedures.
What factors contribute to the reliability of an experiment?
The _____ is the average, the _______ is the middle value, and the ____ is the most frequently occurring value in a data set.
What are the mean, median, and mode?
involves individuals self-selecting to participate in the study, typically in response to a call for participants.
What is a volunteer sample?
____-_____ questions allow for detailed responses, providing richer qualitative data, while closed questions limit responses.
What are open-ended?
defining in measurable terms to ensure clarity and consistency in research.
What is operationalising?
keeping all aspects of the study the same for all participants to ensure fairness and reliability of results.
What is standardisation in psychological research?
a statistical measure (between 0 and -1) that indicates the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables
What is a correlation coefficient?
Advantages of ______ sampling include reduced bias; disadvantages may include difficulty in obtaining a truly arbitrary sample. ___________ sampling is convenient but may not be representative; _________ sampling can lead to a biased sample.
What are random, opportunity, volunteer?
potential biases, such as social desirability bias, and the possibility of inaccurate self-perception.
What are the limitations of self-report methods?
Correlations show relationships between variables but do not establish causation, while experiments can determine causal relationships by manipulating variables.
How do correlations differ from experiments in establishing causation?
can provide more ecological validity than laboratory experiments but may have less control over extraneous variables.
What are field experiments?
r = .9
What is a strong positive correlation?
As a technique, random sampling increases this in experiments.
What is generalisability?
__________ yield deeper insights and allow follow-up questions, while ______________ can reach a larger audience but may lack depth in responses.
What are interviews, questionnaires?