Scientific Approach
Defining Variables
Reliability & Validity
Surveys and Observation
Sampling & Other
100
Research conducted to enhance general body of knowledge, rather than practical problem
What is basic research
100
This type of variable is the outcome, and is always measured, not manipulated
What is a dependent variable
100
Type of measurement scale in which ordered categories have equal distance between options, though zero is arbitrary
What is an interval scale
100
A problematic question phrasing that makes one answer seem better or more correct than others
What is a leading question
100
Name for a study that assesses the entire set of people in whom you are interested
What is a census
200
A specific relationship between an IV and DV that a researcher expects to observe if theory is correct
What is an hypothesis
200
200 The abstract concept of the thing you are measuring or manipulating
What is a conceptual variable
200
Type of reliability that assesses consistency between judges or observers
What is inter-rater reliability
200
Method of analyzing observed behavior in which researchers count the occurrences of specific behaviors
What are checklists
200
Method of pooling multiple measurements or participants in order to cancel out influences/errors
What is aggregation
300
A feature of a good scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will prove the theory wrong
What is falsifiability
300
Type of validity assessing surety that the IV alone caused change in the DV
What is internal validity
300
A source of error in which the deviation is off by a consistent amount, sometimes due to faulty measurement tool or process
What is systematic error
300
When researcher expectations influence participants’ objective behavior
What are observer expectancy effects
300
300 Type of biased sampling that only assesses population members who volunteer to participate
What is self-selection
400
A form of intuitive bias in which things that come easily to mind seem more likely
What is the availability heuristic
400
When researchers incorrectly conclude that no relationship exists when a relationship actually does
What is Type II error
400
Type of construct validity that assesses how much the measure is related to relevant objective outcomes
What is criterion validity
400
Type of response set in which people tend to answer “Yes” or “Agree” without careful thought
What is acquiescence
400
Name for the fancy combination of all correlations between items in a scale, used to assess internal reliability
What is cronbach's alpha
500
Issue with correlations where variable C might explain relationships between variables A and B
What is the third variable problem
500
One of three assumptions for causality, stating that changes in first variable must precede changes in the other
What is temporal sequence
500
Type of construct validity assessing how much a measure is unrelated to other measures of different constructs
What is discriminant validity
500
The tendency for people to change their behavior when they know someone is watching
What is participant reactivity
500
Type of sampling in which demographic groups are identified, and subjects are randomly sampled from those groups to ensure correct representation
What is stratified random sampling
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