Visual Analysis
it has to do with the height of the y-axis and how high or low are the data points
can be described as low and stable, immediate and dramatic increase in level, no change in level
What is Level?
the outcome measure and the effect you measure
what you want to see change in therapy frequently frequency count, percentage, or duration of time
need to hold constant among all participants/conditions
What is the dependent variable?
as one variable increases, the other increases
as you have higher expressive language, parental stress is going down
what are positive and negative correlations?
change in participants due to an internal change (e.g., getting older), other than education or treatment
What is maturation?
change in pre/post scores due to difference in how you measure the dependent variable
ex: if data is not taken well, use a reliable assessment
the up and down movement of the data
described as the ascending or descending mountain; want your data to be zero-celerating to be most effective
What is Trend?
a way to figure out what a client knows prior to intervention; need 3 points to determine it as a trend
what to use as a "control" to compare performance with intervention
What is the Baseline Data?
testing group of people that are all at different ages
What is a cross sectional study?
It is the tendency of scores that are very low to go up over time and scores that are very high to go down over time.
If researchers select participants that score very poorly at the beginning of a study, they may demonstrate improvement at the end of the study due to a tendency for very low scores to even out to a higher score over time rather than because of the treatment.
What is Regression to the Mean?
change in participants due to what they learned on pretest
to avoid this, allow sufficient time between testing, use multiple forms
What is testing?
the amount of up and down movement in the data; ideally want to have less movement in data and low movement in baseline
What is Variability?
level, trend, variability, immediacy of effect, overlap, consistency across similar phases/conditions
What is Visual Analysis?
same person tested across different ages, more accurate data when used
What is a longitudinal study?
this can lead to a number of problems like not having equal groups.
Researchers can use randomization to mitigate against/avoid this threat.
What is selection?
change in participants due to an external event such as other treatment, having a bad day at school, etc.
use a control group and large enough sample size to mitigate against/avoid this
What is history?
describes whether there is an immediate change upon introduction to the intervention.
ideal to have dramatic and immediate change between baseline and intervention conditions
shown as change by second session in the intervention condition
What is Immediacy of Effect?
only used in single case research design.
evidence of a cause and effect relation between the treatment (IV) and the DV.
It is used in designs that demonstrate the effect of an intervention (multiple baseline, withdrawal designs)
What is a Functional Relation?
observation of the effects of the manipulation of certain variables (IV) on other variables (DV) under controlled conditions
What is experimental research?
the loss of participants in a study
the extent to which the results can be generalized to other subjects, settings, measurements, etc.
ex: are the participants chosen as an accurate representation of the population with that disorder?
What is external validity?
how many data points are in the same range between conditions (baseline and intervention)
What is Overlap?
the "cause" or factors that influence the Dependent Variable
Includes multiple baseline (across participants, behavior, conditions), withdrawal/reversal design (ABAB),
and adapted alternating treatment designs
maturation
regression to mean
selection
mortality
instrumentation
testing
history
aka MR SMITH
What are the threats to internal validity?