Sampling and Measurement
This level of measurement involves assigning scores using numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout.
What is Interval Level?
The full name for IRB.
What is Institutional Review Board?
To change the level of something systematically so that different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of that thing, or the same group of participants is exposed to different levels at different times.
What is Manipulation of the Independent Variable?
One group of people is followed over time as they age, offering a superior means of studying the effects of aging.
What is a Longitudinal Study?
In this design, a treatment is implemented (or an independent variable is manipulated) and then a dependent variable is measured once after the treatment is implemented
What is a One-Group Posttest Only Design?
Occurs when a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the entire population and therefore produces inaccurate results
What is Sampling Bias?
During debriefing, if deception was used, the researcher should reveal what two components?
What are The Research Question and The Full Design of the Study?
Anything that varies in the context of a study other than the independent and dependent variables.
What are Extraneous Variables?
Study that involves comparing two or more pre-existing groups of people (e.g., children at different stages of development).
What is a Cross-Sectional Study?
A between-subjects design in which participants have not been randomly assigned to conditions, causing a potential disconnection in the two groups (i.e. think about the examples of testing two different classes and not considering the different conditions, teaching methods, etc.)
What is a Nonequivalent Groups Design?
When psychologists use multiple operational definitions of the same construct—either within a study or across studies—they are using this
What are Converging Operations?
This will generally require writing a protocol that describes the purpose of the study, the research design and procedure, the risks and benefits, the steps taken to minimize risks, and the informed consent and debriefing procedures. This is based on the specific policies and procedures at your institution or for your course.
What is Institutional Approval (or IRB Approval)?
Variables that are undesirable and may confuse a research design. They differ systematically across conditions—just like the independent variable—they provide an alternative explanation for any observed difference in the dependent variable.
What are Confounding Variables?
Type of non-experimental research where the researcher measures two variables with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and then assesses the relationship between them.
What is Correlational Research?
Including history and maturation, other things sometimes occur between the pretest and the posttest that contribute to a change in response. These alternative explanations can be threats to...
What is Internal Validity?
The one form of sampling bias that even careful random sampling is subject to. It is almost never the case that everyone selected for the sample actually responds to the survey.
What is Non-Response Bias?
First published in 1953 and has been revised several times since then, most recently in 2010, this includes about 150 specific ethical standards that psychologists and their students are expected to follow.
What is the APA Ethics Code (or The APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct)?
A simulated treatment that lacks any active ingredient or element that should make it effective, and a positive effect of such a treatment.
What is a Placebo Effect?
Regression is a statistical technique that allows researchers to predict one variable given another. Regression can also be used to describe more complex relationships between more than two variables. Typically the variable that is used to make the prediction is referred to as the _____________ and the variable that is being predicted is called the ______________.
What are the Predictor Variables and the Outcome or Criterion Variables?
In this design, the dependent variable is measured once before the treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented.
What is a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design?
This level of measurement involves assigning scores in such a way that there is a true zero point that represents the complete absence of the quantity.
What is the Ratio Level?
Two things that you should do to establish an ethical research study include identifying and minimizing these.
What are Risks and Deception?
To solve the problem of order effects, a researcher can use this method to test different participants in different orders.
What is Counterbalancing?
There are two reasons that correlation does not imply causation. The two reasons are due to specific variables and are called...
What are Directionality Problem and Third-Variable Problem?
Refers to the statistical fact that an individual who scores extremely high or extremely low on a variable on one occasion will tend to score less extremely on the next occasion.
What is Regression to the Mean?