Misc.
What are the two types of simple experiments and how are they set up
What is between subject design where each participant experiences one level of the IV, and within subject design where each participant experiences every level of the IV
What is a confounding variable?
An extraneous variable that varies systematically with an independent variable (present when IV is present, absent when IV is absent)
different from an obscuring variable, which does not vary systematically
What is a Z-score?
inferential statistic that measures the # of standard deviations a score is from the mean
can be used to compare score across different measurement units
A false alarm; mistaking a lucky outcome for a real effect
What is a type one error, decrease likelihood of this happening by decreasing alpha level (from .05 to .01)
What is a Factorial Design and tell me what a 2x4 factorial design means
What is an experiment with two or more IVs.
2x4 = 2 factors in design, 2 levels to first factor, 4 levels to second factor, and 8 unique conditions
If the effect of listening to One Direction on the participant's level of happiness depends on where they are listening to the music (at home, in car, etc.), what is this an example of?
What is an interaction
When the effect of one IV on the DV depends on the level of the other IV
What are demand characteristics and how do you solve them?
What is when participants change their behavior based on what they think the study is testing, solve through making participants blind to study purpose
What theory states that a normal distribution will form as sample size increases?
What is the Central Limit Theorem
results from not enough between-group differences and too much within groups variability
What is a type II error, a miss, overlooking a real effect
solve with increasing alpha level (.05 to .10)
Main effect and how you find it
What is the effect of one IV on the DV, while ignoring the other IV.
Found by averaging scores across levels of one variable, if difference in the marginal means there is a main effect.
The ability to detect an effect that really exists but is reduced by noise in a study
What is power; increasing power reduces random error
Asking participants if they are team Edward or Jacob, waiting two weeks (in which Robert Pattinson is named sexiest man alive) and then asking them again if they are team Edward or Jacob is what type of design-specific threat?
What is a maturation effect, the crowning of Robert Pattinson as sexiest man alive between the two periods could result in participants preferring him.
Can be solved through creating a control condition
Hypothesis that assumes that there is no effect
What is a null hypothesis, statistically represented as 0
Asking participants to rate Matthew Morrison from Glee on a scale of 1(my favorite actor) to 7 (should be in jail he is the worst), and everyone says 7 is an example of what?
What is a ceiling or floor effect, all replying on one end of the scale
Result of not enough between-groups difference, solve with pilot testing
When looking at a graph, what indicates a possible interaction?
What is non-parallel lines
What type of within subject design is it if I first measure participant's happiness, then have them watch twilight, then measure their happiness again, have them watch new moon, and measure their happiness one last time?
What is a repeated measures design
What are regression effects and how do you solve them
What is when scores become less extreme over time, solved by including a control condition
Statistics that describe the probability that another sample from the same population would lead to the same results
What is inferential statistics
Caused by too much within-groups variability
What is random error(noise).
e.g. measurement error, individual differences, situation noise
How to find an interaction
What is the difference of differences
subtract across to get difference score, then look at differences between difference scores
How do you correct for the order effects that occur in a within-subject design?
What is counter-balancing (randomly assigning participants to possible condition orders)
Measuring participant's feelings of sadness, then having them listen to One Direction's album Midnight Memories (on the same day their sports team wins an important game) and then measuring their sadness levels again may lead to what design threat?
What is a history effect (event that affects the DV occurs at the same time as the treatment)
solution: control condition
If you have an alpha level of .05, and get a p-value of .03 what would you do with the null hypothesis?
What is reject the null hypothesis, findings are unlikely to get if null is true, less than 5% chance
Having participants watch Surfs Up and then when asking them how much they liked it only offering the options of (I liked it, Loved it, or it was okay) is an example of what?
What is insensitive measures, results in not enough between-group differences
How to find number of potential main effects
What is looking at number of IVs, they are =