Science and Society
What is true for one case is true in all cases; drawing conclusions from interactions with a limited number of people
Overgeneralization
What report established three basic ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
The Belmont Report
What is a mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas
What are the requirements for true experiments?
At least one experimental group and one control group, random assignment, assessment of change
A set of elements larger than or different from the population that was sampled and to which the researcher would like to generalize any study findings
Target Population
Look at phenomena according to personal beliefs, regardless of fact
Selective Observation
What committee reviews research proposals to ensure that research is abiding by ethical principles?
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
What is the process of specifying the measures that will indicate the value of a variable?
Operationalization
What is established by comparison between experimental and control groups?
Association
The ability to generalize from a subset of a larger population to that population itself
Sample Generalizability
Drawing conclusions from invalid assumptions
Illogical reasoning
What ethical principle suggests that researchers should disclose their research methods, openly present their findings, and publish results of their research?
Honesty and Openness
When respondents are asked questions without explicit response choices to which they write in their answers
Open-ended Questions
Who conducted a field experiment to test the effect of a criminal record on employment and found that a felony record limited the amount of call backs a person would receive?
Devah Pager
Any difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn
Sampling Error
Way of conducting social criminological research that aims to gather more information on newly identified areas/concerns
Exploratory Research
Who are included in special populations that need to be protected and are considered vulnerable?
Prisoners, Pregnant women, mentally disabled people, educationally or economically disadvantaged persons
A strategy that increases the reliability of observational data by using explicit rules that standardize coding practices across observers
Systematic observation
What quasi-experimental design lacks a separate comparison group and all cases are exposed to the experimental treatment?
Before-and-after Designs
The type of sampling that identifies cases strictly on the basis of chance
Simple Random Sampling
An approach to research that uses numbers to describe social phenomena
Quantitative Research
What groundbreaking experiment led to stricter policies regarding deception and debriefing while conducting research?
The Milgram Experiment
The numbers that are assigned to each case that specify only the order of the cases, permitting greater-than and less-than distinctions
Ordinal Measures
What are the five basic sources of invalidity?
Selection bias, endogenous change, external events, contamination, treatment misidentification
Elements are selected because they are available or easy to find, also known as a haphazard or accidental sampling
Convenience Sampling