Variables
Correlation & Causation
Reliability
Validity
Reactivity
100
Characteristic of a situation or environment.
What is a situational variable?
100
Two sets of data strongly linked together.
What is correlation?
100
Measure the same person two points in time.
What is test-retest reliability?
100
Measures the construct and not some other variable.
What is construct validity?
100
A threat to a research study's internal validity.
What is reactivity?
200
A characteristic of an individual participant.
What is a participant variable?
200
A relationship that analyses and describes cause and effect.
What is causality?
200
Assessing reliability at only one point in time.
What is internal consistency reliability?
200
The ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from the data.
What is internal validity?
200
When researchers subtly communicate their expectations to the participants, who alter their behavior to conform to these expectations.
What is the experimenter effect?
300
Responses or behaviors of individuals.
What is a response variable?
300
An alternative explanation for an observed relationship.
What is alternative explanations or extraneous variables?
300
When two raters observe a behavior.
What is inter-rater reliability?
300
Extent to which results can be generalized to other populations and settings?
What is external validity?
300
When research study participants know they are being studied and alter their performance because of the attention they receive from the experimenters.
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
400
A definition of a variable in terms of how, specifically, it is to be measured.
What is operationally defining a variable?
400
1) Temporal precedence 2) Co-variation between two variables 3) Elimination of alternative explanations
What are three things that must be present to conclude causality?
400
Use of multiple measures and by increasing the number of items in a measure.
How can you increase reliability?
400
Whether the researcher has come to a correct conclusion about the relationship.
What is conclusion validity?
400
Validity of the research
What is effected by reactivity?
500
An increase in one variable shows both increases and decreases in another.
What is a curvilinear relationship of variables?
500
Causal variable that comes first.
What is temporal precedence?
500
By using a correlation coefficient.
How do you assess the reliability of measures?
500
When a researcher concludes that a certain type of treatment has an effect on a group of individuals yet does not use a control group.
What is an example of a threat to internal validity?
500
Using blind experiment designs.
What is a way to control for reactivity?
M
e
n
u