History
The year the first residential school opened
What is 1831?
In 1920, an amendment to the Indian Act made it mandatory for Indigenous children to attend residential schools. What is the specific name of this amendment?
What is the "Compulsory Attendance Act" or "Amendment to the Indian Act of 1920"?
The "94 Calls to Action" issued by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) are divided into two main categories. What are the names of these two categories, and how many calls to action are in each?
The two categories are "Legacy" and "Reconciliation," with 7 calls to action in the Legacy category and 87 calls to action in the Reconciliation category.
The residential school experience had a significant impact on Indigenous languages. What is the term for the phenomenon where a language is no longer spoken as a mother tongue, and how many Indigenous languages are considered critically endangered in Canada today?
What is "language loss" or "language endangerment"? There are approximately 70 Indigenous languages in Canada, and many are considered critically endangered.
In 1998, a landmark legal case resulted in a significant settlement for survivors of residential schools. What is the name of this case, and what was the amount of the settlement?
What is the "Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement," and the settlement amount was approximately $1.9 billion.
The term "enfranchisement" was often used in the context of residential schools. What did it refer to, and how did it affect Indigenous children?
"Enfranchisement" referred to the process of officially removing an Indigenous child's status as an Indian under the Indian Act, which resulted in the loss of their rights and cultural identity.
The Canadian government introduced a policy in 1883 that authorized the use of force to compel Indigenous parents to send their children to residential schools. What was the name of this policy?
What is the "Famously Rescued Children" or "Unfit Parents" policy?
The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR) is responsible for preserving the history and memories of residential schools. In what city is the NCTR located, and which university is it affiliated with?
The NCTR is located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and is affiliated with the University of Manitoba.
Residential schools played a role in suppressing Indigenous cultural practices. Name one traditional cultural practice that was actively discouraged or banned within these schools.
Provide one of the following: What are traditional dances, ceremonies, potlatches, or the use of sacred objects?
In 2006, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled on a case involving residential school survivors seeking compensation. What is the name of this Supreme Court case, and what were the key implications of the ruling?
What is the "Fontaine v. Canada" case, and the ruling confirmed that the federal government had a fiduciary duty to Indigenous peoples and upheld the settlement agreement.
Before the government-funded residential schools, religious orders operated some schools for Indigenous children. Name one of these religious orders and the years they operated in Canada.
What is the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (1844-1996), the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (1842-1996), or the Anglican Church (mid-19th century to 1969)?
The Canadian government used a formula-based funding system to allocate financial resources to residential schools. What is the name of this funding system, and how did it impact the quality of education at these schools?
What is the "per capita funding" system, which allocated funds based on the number of students, leading to underfunding and poor living conditions in many schools?
The term "two-eyed seeing" is a concept that promotes understanding and respect for both Indigenous and Western knowledge systems. Who introduced this concept, and how does it relate to reconciliation?
The concept of "two-eyed seeing" was introduced by Mi'kmaq Elder Albert Marshall. It encourages the integration of Indigenous and Western knowledge to foster reconciliation and a deeper understanding of complex issues.
The "Sixties Scoop" is often associated with the cultural impact of residential schools. What does this term refer to, and how did it further disrupt Indigenous cultural continuity?
The "Sixties Scoop" refers to the practice of removing Indigenous children from their families and communities in the 1960s and placing them in non-Indigenous homes or foster care. This disrupted cultural continuity by disconnecting children from their heritage.
The "St. Anne's Indian Residential School" in Ontario was the subject of a legal battle due to the suppression of evidence. What type of evidence was hidden, and what was the outcome of the legal proceedings?
What is the suppression of evidence related to the abuse of students, and the legal proceedings ultimately led to the unearthing of evidence crucial to justice for survivors.
The Indian Residential School System was influenced by American models of Indigenous education. Name one key individual or institution from the United States that played a role in shaping the residential school system in Canada.
Who is Richard Pratt, founder of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, or what is the Carlisle Indian Industrial School?
In 1933, the federal government issued a policy that shifted the management of residential schools from church organizations to the government. What is the name of this policy, and what were its major implications for the schools?
What is the "Indian Act Amendment of 1933," which resulted in government control of the schools, but the conditions and treatment of students continued to be harsh and neglectful.
The term "Gord Downie's Secret Path" is often associated with reconciliation efforts. What is the significance of this work, and how does it relate to residential schools?
"Gord Downie's Secret Path" is a multimedia project that raises awareness about the story of Chanie Wenjack, a young boy who escaped from a residential school. It highlights the tragic consequences of the residential school system.
Indigenous art and craftsmanship have played a crucial role in preserving and reviving cultural traditions. Name one prominent Indigenous artist who has contributed significantly to this effort and describe their work's significance.
Provide one of the following: Who is Norval Morrisseau, known for pioneering the Woodlands style of painting, or who is Daphne Odjig, a prominent Indigenous artist and member of the Indian Group of Seven?
In 1969, a legal case had a profound impact on the administration of residential schools. What is the name of this case, and what was its significant outcome?
What is the "Calder v. British Columbia (Attorney General)" case, which recognized Indigenous land rights and played a role in the process of self-determination for Indigenous peoples.
During the early history of residential schools, Indigenous languages were discouraged, and students were punished for speaking their native languages. Which specific federal legislation enacted in 1885 contributed to this language suppression policy?
What is the amendment to the Indian Act in 1885, known as the "Noble Act"?
In 1876, the Indian Act was introduced, which had a profound impact on Indigenous peoples and their education. Name three specific provisions or policies within the Indian Act related to Indigenous education.
What are provisions related to the establishment of residential schools, the removal of children from their families, the prohibition of Indigenous cultural practices, the control of Indigenous land, and the imposition of Indian agents and government officials on Indigenous communities?
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) is a significant initiative related to reconciliation. What years did the RCAP operate, and what were its key recommendations in the context of residential schools and Indigenous rights?
The RCAP operated from 1991 to 1996. It recommended, among other things, the establishment of a truth and reconciliation process, recognition of Indigenous self-government, and the renegotiation of treaties.
The cultural impact of residential schools extends to the loss of traditional knowledge. Name one example of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) that Indigenous communities have sought to recover and pass down to future generations.
Provide one of the following: What is traditional plant medicine, land stewardship practices, or Indigenous astronomical knowledge?
In 2007, a legal case involving the "First Nations Child and Family Caring Society" raised concerns about discrimination in child welfare services. What was the outcome of this case, and how did it relate to residential schools?
The legal case resulted in a finding of discrimination by the Canadian government against Indigenous children and families in the child welfare system. It was related to the legacy of residential schools, as many children were removed from their families due to the same assimilation policies that operated the schools.