Mechanism of Action
How do decongestants like pseudoephedrine relieve nasal congestion?
They cause vasoconstriction of nasal blood vessels, reducing swelling.
What is the main purpose of using antitussives like dextromethorphan?
To suppress a nonproductive cough.
What common side effect occurs with first-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine?
Drowsiness or sedation.
Antihistamines should be used cautiously in which patient population?
Older adults or those with glaucoma or urinary retention.
What should patients do after using an inhaled corticosteroid?
Rinse mouth to prevent oral thrush.
What is the mechanism of action of antihistamines like diphenhydramine?
They block H1 histamine receptors to decrease allergic responses.
What is guaifenesin (Mucinex) used for?
To loosen and thin mucus, making it easier to cough up.
What is a major cardiovascular side effect of oral decongestants like pseudoephedrine?
Increased blood pressure or tachycardia.
Why should decongestants be used with caution in patients with hypertension?
They can cause vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure.
When should albuterol (rescue inhaler) be used?
During acute bronchospasm or before exercise if prescribed.
How do beta-2 adrenergic agonists (e.g., albuterol) promote bronchodilation?
They stimulate beta-2 receptors in the airway smooth muscle.
When are inhaled corticosteroids indicated in asthma management?
For long-term control and prevention of asthma symptoms.
What adverse effect is associated with overuse of nasal decongestant sprays?
Rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa).
Who should avoid using beta-adrenergic blockers while taking beta-2 agonists?
Patients with asthma—they can cause bronchoconstriction.
What should patients taking oral decongestants be advised to avoid?
Caffeine or other stimulants.
What is the mechanism of corticosteroids like fluticasone in asthma treatment?
They reduce airway inflammation by suppressing immune response.
What is the therapeutic use of acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)?
To break down thick mucus in the airways (mucolytic) or treat acetaminophen overdose.
What is a serious side effect of theophylline toxicity?
Seizures or cardiac arrhythmias.
Corticosteroids are contraindicated in untreated systemic infections because they...
Suppress immune function and worsen infection.
What is an important teaching point for patients using leukotriene modifiers like montelukast?
Take daily at the same time, even when symptoms are absent.
How do leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast) help in asthma control?
They block leukotriene receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
Which class of drug is used for quick relief of acute bronchospasm?
Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs), such as albuterol.
What local side effect may occur from improper use of inhaled corticosteroids?
Oral thrush (candidiasis).
Why should theophylline be used cautiously in smokers
Smoking increases metabolism, decreasing drug effectiveness.
What should patients using expectorants be encouraged to do?
Increase fluid intake to help thin secretions.