Respiratory anatomy
The job of type II alveolar cells is to...
a. Provide immune surveillance for the alveoli
b. Secrete surfactant
c. Secrete pleural fluid
d. Constitute 97 percent of the alveolar surface area
e. Secrete mucus to trap debris
b. Secrete surfactant
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported through the bloodstream...
a. Dissolved in plasma
b. As bicarbonate ions
c. As carbaminohemoglobin
d. Attached to the heme
b. As bicarbonate ions
Lactase is an enzyme that performs which of the following tasks?
a. It breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
b. It initiates the breakdown of chemical lipids in the mouth
c. It breaks down polymers of amino acids into smaller polypeptides
d. It breaks down sucrose into 1 glucose and 1 fructose molecule
a. It breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
Catabolism is defined as...
a. All of the metabolic processes in the body
b. Exergonic processes that break down complex molecules
c. Endergonic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones
d. The process of chemical digestion
b. Exergonic processes that break down complex molecules
Taking biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B12 when your body does not have a deficit will result in...
a. Improved health
b. Fatigue, confusion, depression, irritability
c. The excess vitamins will accumulate in the body's lipid stores
d. The vitamins will be excreted out in urine
d. The vitamins will be excreted out in urine
Which of the following tissue types lines the trachea and is continuous with the larynx?
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
c. Simple squamous epithelium
d. Elastic cartilage
b. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which of these best describes the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissues and systemic capillaries?
a. Internal respiration
b. External respiration
c. Pulmonary ventilation
d. Gas exchange
e. Perfusion
a. Internal respiration
Gastrin is a hormone that...
a. Stimulates the stomach to produce HCl
b. Stimulates the gallbladder to release bile
c. Digests starch into disaccharides and monosaccharides
d. Accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates intestinal peristalsis
a. Stimulates the stomach to produce HCl
How might amino acids be used in the body, assuming the body already has enough glucose and energy?
a. Rearranged into glucose for fuel of the brain and red blood cells
b. Metabolized as fuel for an immediate source of ATP
c. Making nonessential amino acids needed for protein synthesis
d. Stored as glycogen
c. Making nonessential amino acids needed for protein synthesis
Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver?
a. Detoxification
b. Glycogen storage
c. Synthesis of clotting proteins
d. Erythropoiesis
e. Synthesis of CCK
d. Erythropoiesis
Which of the following correctly describes the anatomy of the lungs?
a. Right lung: three lobes; Left lung: two lobes
b. Right lung: two lobes; Left lung: three lobes
c. Right lung: two lobes; Left lung: two lobes
d. Right lung: three lobes; Left lung: three lobes
a. Right lung: three lobes; Left lung: two lobes
The strongest stimulus for a person to breath is
a. Low oxygen levels
b. High pH; high CO2
c. Low pH; high CO2
d. Metabolic alkalosis
e. Low pH; low CO2
c. Low pH; high CO2
Pepsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of which of the following, in which organ?
a. Polysaccharides into monosaccharides and disaccharides, in the small intestine
b. Monosaccharides into glucose, in the small intestine
c. Triglycerides into fatty acids, in the stomach
d. Proteins into peptides, in the stomach
e. Polypeptides into amino acids, in the mouth
d. Proteins into peptides, in the stomach
You are in the post-absorptive state whenever you skip meals or during sleep. Which of the following occurs during this state?
a. Glucagon acts upon the liver cells, where it inhibits the synthesis of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen back into glucose.
b. Insulin is released into the bloodstream, where it initiates the absorption of blood glucose by liver hepatocytes, and by adipose and muscle cells.
c. Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells where it can be used for later energy needs of the body.
d. Excess calories beyond immediate energy needs are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue
a. Glucagon acts upon the liver cells, where it inhibits the synthesis of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen back into glucose.
Which of the following is not an example of physical digestion?
a. Mastication
b. Enzymes performing hydrolysis to break molecules apart macromolecules into their monomers
c. Food being churned when the muscles in the stomach lining contracts.
d. Bile breaking large fat droplets up into smaller ones during emulsification.
e. Sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along
b. Enzymes performing hydrolysis to break molecules apart macromolecules into their monomers
Which of the following structures is directly involved in gas exchange?
a. Alveoli
b. Terminal bronchiole
c. Alveolar duct
d. Larynx
a. Alveoli
Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?
a. Chloride is removed from the erythrocyte.
b. Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.
c. Bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte.
d. Bicarbonate is removed from the blood.
b. Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate
The enzyme _____ is secreted in the _______ and breaks down regular table sugar, _______.
a. Lactase; small intestine; lactose
b. Maltase; small intestine; maltose
c. Sucrase; small intestine; sucrose
d. Maltase; large intestine; maltose
e. Maltose; stomach; maltase
c. Sucrase; small intestine; sucrose
The post-absorptive state relies on stores of ________ in the ________.
a. insulin; pancreas
b. glucagon; pancreas
c. glycogen; liver
d. glucose; liver
b. glucagon; pancreas
Which term would be used to describe the synthesis of a cellular protein?
a. Hydrolysis
b. Metabolism
c. Anabolism
d. Catabolism
c. Anabolism
Which of the following descriptions regarding the larynx is correct?
a. The largest, anterior cartilage is the cricoid cartilage
b. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea when eating
c. The larynx is superior to the pharynx
d. The laryngeal prominence is composed of elastic cartilage
b. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea when eating
Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called the ________________
a. Tidal volume
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Vital capacity
d. Residual volume
d. Residual volume
Which of the following is too big to be absorbed, and must first be broken down into further subunits?
a. Glucose
b. Free fatty acids
c. Phosphates
d. Triglycerides
d. Triglycerides
During lipolysis...
a. triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA.
b. triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
c. lipids are converted into glucose molecules.
d. lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.
e. lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.
b. triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
The symptoms of lactose intolerance are caused by...
a. Celiac disease
b. An allergy to milk
c. High levels of calcium and vitamin D
d. The inability to process cholesterol
e. Inadequate production of the enzyme lactase
e. Inadequate production of the enzyme lactase