Physiology
What is the conducting zone responsible for?
Warming and humidifying incoming air
What is the most common cause of COPD?
Smoking
Is this a modifiable risk factor?
What makes asthma different from COPD?
It is reversible airway obstruction.
What is the most common thrombotic pulmonary emboli?
DVT (Deep Vein Thrombus)
For extra points:
What is a clot that forms naturally in the lungs called?
Pulmonary HTN can cause what heart changes?
Right ventricular hypertrophy.
How?? Can left sided HF cause this too?
Why does gas move into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure becomes higher than alveolar pressure
What are the 2 sub-types of COPD?
Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis
What is the most common symptom of asthma?
Expiratory wheezing
Which test is most appropriate to exclude PE in a low-risk patient?
D-Dimer
What is D-dimer?
How does COPD cause pulmonary HTN?
COPD = hypoxemia in lungs = vasoconstriction to redirect blood = pulmonary HTN
How do gasses move across pressure gradients?
Gasses move down their pressure gradients.
Deficiency if which enzyme contributes to enphysema?
α1-antitrypsin
What does it do?
How much does FEV1 increase to show reversibility in asthma?
12%
After administration of a B2 agonists
What is a hallmark respiratory symptom of PE?
SOB
Why??
What us the cause of group II pulmonary HTN?
Left sided HF or Left valvular disorders
What is the role of alveolar surfactant?
Decrease surface tension and keeps them open during exhalation.
How does air trapping contribute to COPD pathophysiology?
Flattens diaphram = shallow breaths
Which immune mediator is responsible for early bronchoconstriction in asthma
Histamine
It is released by mast cells.
What are the 3 conditions that make up Virchow's triad
Hypercoagulability
Stasis
Injury/Trauma
Which gas is a common medicator that aids in the regulation of lung smooth muscle. (Really all smooth muscle)
NO
What is lung compliance?
How easy the lungs expand.
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by and over production of---?
sputum
Which immune mediator is responsible for eosinophil recruitment in asthma?
IL-5
If alveoli collapse due to a PE, how is V/Q described?
High
Which endothelin receptor causes vasodilation?
ERB