1&2
Respiratory Defense System?
What is Lysozyme- trap and kill bacteria
What is defensins- natural antibiotic
Breathing mechanics
what is inhalation?- contracts enlarging thoracic cavity. Reduces intrathoracic pressure. influx air into lungs
What is expiration? air exhaled by elastic recoil of lungs/ tissue lining the thoracic cavity and abdominal muscles.
daltons law
Bohr effect
what is increasing levels of co2
1. co2 diffuses into rbc
2. carbonicanhydrase enzyme
3. produces carbonic acid
quiet breathing
what is DRG brief activity. stimulates inspiratory muscle
mucus humidifies air inhaled
What is air in- swirls heats up and no h20
what is air out- warms snots and h20 condenses back into mucus
breathing mechanics- expiration
what is? elasticity of lungs and thoracic cage
Volume of thoracic cavity decrease. Intrapulmonary pressure increase. air is expelled
henrys law
what is gas under pressure comes in contact with liquid. gas dissolves in liquid until equilibrium is reached. GAS WITH ENOUGH PRESSURE WILL BE A SOLUBLE IN LIQUID
co2 transport in bloodstream 1
3 ways
1. goes to carbonic acid=70%
2. bound to hemoglobin 23%
3. Goes away in plasma=7%
forced breathing
what is increased DRG. Stimulates VRG. Activates accessory inspiratory muscles
functions of larynx
what is open airway, food. air epiglottis, vocal chords
Compliance
what is expandability of lungs
3 factors
- tissue structure lungs
- surfactant production
- thoracic cage movement
environmental factors affecting hemoglobin unloading
Haldane effect
high oxygen enhance unloading of carbon dioxide= ext resp
low oxygen= carbon dioxide onto hemoglobin= int resp
apneustic center
pneumotaxic center
ap center- inhibit exhalation stimulates DRG. the inhibitor
pneumo center- promotes exhalation. hold back the ap center, passive or active exhalation inhibits the inhibitor
type 1 and type 2 of alveoli
what is type 1- air exchange, thin walled capillaries in circulatory system
What is type 2- produces surfactant, decreases surface tension in alveoli
resp rate and tidal volume
Respiratory rate- number of breaths per min
tidal volume- volume of air moved per breath
oxygen reserves
control of resp
what is voluntary and involuntary components. voluntary center cerebral cortex affect pons and medulla oblongata.
motor neurons control resp muscles
cranial nerves
CN IX- glossopharyngeal nerve
- from carotid bodies. changes in blood pH or po2
CN X- vagus nerve
- from aortic bodies. changes in blood ph or po2
cerebrospinal fluid- central chemoreceptors. medulla oblongata on surface of ventrolateral. respond to pco2, pH of CSF
Respiratory membrane
What is thin alveoli, gas exchange
3 layers- squamous epithelial cells lining alveolus, endothelial cells, fused basement membrane between alveolar and endothelial cells
anatomic dead space
what is only a part of respiratory minute volume reaches alveolar exchange surface
volume of air remaining in conductive passages
ph, temp and hemoglobin saturation
what is when pH drops or temp rises= more oxygen is released curve shift to RIGHT
pH increase or temp decrease= less oxygen is released curve shift to left
metabolically active tissue will want HB to let go of it o2 more easily
resp center
what is medulla oblongata- set the pace
what is the DRG- inspiratory center. quiet/ forced breathing
what is VRG- inspiratory and expiratory center. forced breathing only
external resp
3 locations- alveolus, O2 respiratory membrane, pulmonary capillary. CO2
blood arriving to lungs pulmonary arteries