Respiratory Structures
Structures of the upper respiratory tract and functions
What is nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, and pharynx? What is filer, warm , and moisten incoming air, provide smell, and act as a passageway for air and food while assisting in sound resonance?
Types of cells are found in the alveoli and their functions.
What is type I cells: simple squamous for gas exchange? What is type II cells: produce surfactant to reduce surface tensions? What is alveolar macrophages: remove debris and pathogens? What is together, they form the respiratory membrane with capillary endothelium for gas diffusion?
The directions in oxygen and carbon dioxide movement in tissues and alveoli?
What is in tissues: O2 diffuses from blood to cells; CO2 diffuses from cells to blood? What is in alveoli: O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood; CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli?
Structures of the lower respiratory tract and functions
What is larynx, tranchea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs? What is conduct air to alveoli, produce sound, and serve as the primary site of gas exchange?
Surfactant important in the alveoli.
What is they reduce surface tensions and prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation? What is absence causes respiratory distress?
The respiratory control centers, and differences in function.
What is medulla oblongata: controls basic rhythm of breathing? What is pons: transitions between inhalation and exhalation? What is higher centers (cortex and hypothalamus): influence voluntary breathing and emotional response?
Histology of the respiratory tract change from the nasal cavities through the alveoli.
What is the nasal cavity and trachea are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells? What is bronchioles have simple cuboidal epithelium with smooth muscle, and the alveoli have simple squamous epithelium for gas diffusion?
The main lung volumes, capacities/measurements.
What is Tidal Volume (TV): normal breath (-500ml)? What is IRV: extra air inhaled after normal inspiration? What is ERV: extra air exhaled after normal expiration? What is vital capacity: TV+IRV+ERV? What is these are measured with a spinogram using a spirometer?
Factors that influence ventilation and perfusion/ coupling process.
What is ventilation (air flow) and perfusion (blood flow) must match for effective gas exchange? What is low O2 causes pulmonary arteriole constriction, while high O2 causes dilation, balancing airflow and blood flow?
Pulmonary ventilation and muscles are involved in inhalation and exhalation.
What is physical movement of air in and out of lungs? What is inhalation: diaphragm and external intercostals contract, thoracic volume increases? What is exhalation: diaphragm and intercostals relax; may involve internal intercostals and abdominals for forced exhalation?
The difference between pulmonary and systemic gas exchange.
What is pulmonary exchange occurs in the lungs (O2 into the blood, CO2 out)? What is systemic exchange occurs at tissues (O2 leaves blood for cells, CO2 enters blood for cells)?
Changes in CO2 levels affect breathing rate and depth.
What is High CO2 (hpercapnia)= increases breathing rate and depth? What is low CO2 (hypocapnia)= decreases breathing rate? What is CO2 changes also affect blood pH through carbonic acid balance?
Boyle's Law relate to breathing, and the difference between open and closed systems.
What is Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are unequally related? What is during inhalation, lung volume increases and pressure decreases; during exhalation, volume decreases and pressure increases? What is an open system exchanges air freely with the atmospheres, whole a closed system traps pressure as in pneumothroax?
The three major ways carbon dioxide is transported in the body.
What is 70% as bicarbonate (HCO2) in plasma? What is 20% bound to hemoglobin (carbominohemoglobin)? What is 10% dissolve directly in plasma?
COPD; smoking affecting the trachea and lungs.
What is COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, leading to airflow obstruction and alveolar damage? What is smoking destroys cilia, increases mucus, and causes inflammation reducing gas exchange and increasing lung cancer risk?