A & P
This structure is supported by rings of cartilage to keep the airway open.
The Trachea
Define dyspnea
What is difficulty breathing. Bonus! List 4 clinical manifestations of dyspnea.
An obstructive pulmonary disorder where the alveoli loose elasticity and become abnormally inflated, making it harder to exhale.
Answer: Emphysema Bonus: Failure to exhale completely causes what gas to build up in the bloodstream? How does this affect a client's pH?
Which structure of brain primarily controls respiration?
What is the medula oblongata What effect do certain sedative medications (ex morphine) have on the medulla oblongata?
List 2 factors opposing lung expansion and 1 factor that promotes lung expansion.
Oppose lung expansion: Elastic Recoil; Surface Tension w/in alveoli Promote Lung Expansion: Negative intrapleural pressure Bonus: What is the purpose of chest tubes?
Describe which structure is affected by atelectasis
The alveoli collapse or become filled with mucus. This results in decreased surface area for the exchange of gases to occur.
What is the location and function of surfactants.
Located in the alveoli and decrease surface tension causing the alveoli to remain inflated.
At what level does the phrenic nerve leave the vertebral column?
What is C4
The partial pressure of which gas is the primary regulator of respiratory activity?
What is pCO2
A restrictive pulmonary disorder resulting from scarring in the lungs that causes thickened, stiff tissue making it more difficult for your lungs to expand properly
Pulmonary fibrosis
Which respiratory muscles are located between the ribs?
The intercostal muscles What nerve innervates (stimulates) the intercostal muscles?
Define eupnia.
Normal, quiet breathing
Describe the effect of an overdose of opioid narcotic on vetilation
It depresses the medulla oblongata and depresses ventilation
The passive transport method that allows the gases to exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries is called _______.
What is diffusion
List the three sections of the pharynx listing the uppermost first.
What is the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
These tubes are composed of smooth muscle and determine the flow of air into the alveoli.
What are the bronchioles
Wheezing is caused by the constriction of ________
What is bronchioles
What is the nerve that innervates the diaphragm?
What is the phrenic nerve
Explain the difference between internal respiration and external respiration.
Internal respiration: exchange of O2/CO2 between capillaries and tissues. External respiration:exchange of O2/CO2 between alveoli and capillaries. Bonus! What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?
How many lobes in the Right lung? How many lobes in the left lung?
Right lung 3 and Left lobe 2
List the structures air passes through when inhaling beginning with nares and ending with alveoli.
nares; nasal cavity; nasopharynx; oropharynx; laryngopharynx;larynx; trachea; R/L bronchus;R/L bronchioles;alveoli
What is the function of the epiglottis?
It prevents food from entering the trachea
When the diaphragm and external intercostals contracts what happens to air movement in the lungs? What muscles contract with forced expiration?
When diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract air moves into the lungs as the lungs expand. During forced expiration the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles contract and the diaphragm and external intercostals relax.
Define Kussmaul breathing
An increase in rate and depth of respiration stimulated by acidosis
What is the name of the point where the trachea bifurcates?
What is the carina. This is used as a landmark during tracheal suctioning.